International Journal of Community Pharmacy
International Journal of Community Pharmacy is an official journal of Association of Community Pharmacist of India (ACPI) is a nonprofit professional organization.
Date Seed and Its Components, Nutrition and Biological Activities
Millions of people in the Middle East eat the fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) which is a vital crop in most countries. The date seeds, which are a waste product from the date fruit processing sector, are feed to domestic farm animals. In addition to being a rich source of protein, dietary fibre, oil, carbs date seeds also contain bioactive phenolic chemicals that may have biologically significant effects. Furthermore, date seeds rich chemical makeup qualifies them for usage in the production of food products, cosmetics and pharmaceutical supplements. The purpose of this review is to discuss the nutritional worth of date seeds in the light of their potential as a nutritional therapeutic agent for chronic diseases and further the most recent information on their cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, ability to fight diabetes, antioxidant potential, antibacterial action and anti-inflammatory activity will be presented along their usage as oil and powder.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Community Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rational Design and Semi-synthetic Development of Novel Berberine Derivatives Through Cuaac Click Chemistry for Iron Deficiency Anemia Therapy
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains one of the most prevalent nutritional disorders worldwide, necessitating the development of effective and well-tolerated therapeutic agents. Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities but is limited by suboptimal bioavailability and therapeutic specificity in IDA management. The present study focuses on the rational design and semi-synthetic development of novel Berberine derivatives using copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry to enhance its therapeutic potential against iron deficiency anemia. A strategic semi-synthetic approach was employed wherein Berberine was structurally modified to introduce azide and alkyne functionalities, enabling efficient conjugation through CuAAC reactions. This methodology allowed the generation of a focused library of novel triazole-linked Berberine derivatives with high regioselectivity, improved structural diversity, and excellent synthetic yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic techniques, including UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry, confirming the successful formation of the desired derivatives. The rational design of these derivatives aimed to improve iron absorption, enhance hemoglobin synthesis, and reduce gastrointestinal adverse effects commonly associated with conventional iron supplements. Preliminary in vitro and QSAR evaluations indicated that select Berberine derivatives exhibited enhanced bioactivity and favorable safety profiles compared to the parent compound. Overall, this study demonstrates that CuAAC click chemistry is a robust and versatile platform for the semi-synthetic modification of Berberine, providing promising lead compounds for the development of novel therapeutic agents for iron deficiency anemia.
Formulation And Evaluation Topical Cream By Extraction Of Sphagneticola Trilobata
Studying traditional medicine is a helpful way to discover potential new drugs. Sphagneticola is a large group of plants in the Asteraceae family, with around 60 different species. One of these, Sphagneticola trilobata (Linn.), has been used for a long time as a traditional herbal remedy in South America, China, Japan, and India to treat various health problems. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, known commonly as creeping oxeye, is a fastgrowing herb of the Asteraceae family with a impact of ethnomedicinal use across tropical regions. Traditionally employed in managing bleeding disorders, treating microbial infections, and supporting skin regeneration, the plant is now receiving greater scientific attention. This compiles and organizes botanical characteristics, phytochemical profiles, and pharmacological activity, emphasizing its hemostatic and dermatological regenerative properties. Data from in vitro and in vivo models reveal antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects. The paper also discusses extraction methods, merits and applications.
Corticosteroids versus other Immunosuppressive agents in renal disease: A Comparative Study
Objective: To critically compare corticosteroids with other immunosuppressive agents used in immune-mediated renal diseases, with emphasis on therapeutic efficacy, relapse prevention, and safety profiles.¹,² Results: Evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses indicates that non-steroidal immunosuppressive agents, including mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors, and biologic agents, demonstrate superior remission rates and reduced relapse frequency when compared with corticosteroid monotherapy in diseases such as lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy.¹,³,⁵ Corticosteroids remain effective for rapid disease control but are associated with significant long-term adverse effects.²,⁴ Each immunosuppressive class exhibits distinct safety concerns, requiring individualized treatment selection.²,⁴ Conclusion: While corticosteroids continue to play a vital role in the management of renal diseases, steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents offer improved long-term outcomes and reduced toxicity in selected patient populations. Optimized combination therapy and careful monitoring are essential for maximizing therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse drug reactions.²,⁴,¹³ Keywords: corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, renal diseases, lupus nephritis, safety, efficacy INTRODUCTION: Immune-mediated renal diseases constitute a significant cause of chronic kidney injury and progression to end-stage renal disease. Conditions such as lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, and membranous nephropathy are characterized by immune dysregulation, leading to inflammation and structural kidney damage.¹⁰,¹⁴ Immunosuppressive therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment aimed at inducing remission and preserving renal function.²,⁴ Corticosteroids have historically been used as first-line agents due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, prolonged corticosteroid exposure is associated with serious adverse effects including metabolic disturbances, osteoporosis, infection risk, and cardiovascular complications.²,⁴ Advances in immunopharmacology have led to the development of alternative immunosuppressive agents with targeted mechanisms of action, prompting a shift toward steroid-sparing therapeutic strategies.¹,² This review compares corticosteroids with other immunosuppressive agents used in renal diseases, focusing on efficacy and safety outcomes reported in current literature.¹,² MATERIALS AND METHODS: This narrative review was conducted by analyzing published systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials that evaluated corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of immune-mediated renal diseases. Relevant studies were identified through peer-reviewed databases and included comparative data on clinical efficacy, relapse rates, and adverse drug reactions.¹,²,⁴ INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: • Published randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews¹,²,⁵ • Studies involving patients with immune-mediated renal diseases¹⁰,¹⁴ • Articles comparing corticosteroids with one or more immunosuppressive agents¹,³ • Studies reporting outcomes related to remission, relapse, or safety¹,²,⁴ Exclusion criteria: • Non-comparative studies • Studies unrelated to renal diseases • Preclinical or animal studies • Case reports and opinion articles RESULTS: Comparative Efficacy: Multiple large-scale analyses have demonstrated that immunosuppressive agents such as mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide achieve higher renal remission rates than corticosteroid monotherapy in lupus nephritis.¹,⁵,⁶ Network meta-analyses have shown that calcineurin inhibitors, including tacrolimus and cyclosporine, are effective alternatives for inducing remission, particularly in patients with refractory disease.¹,³ In membranous nephropathy, calcineurin inhibitors and antimetabolites have demonstrated improved response rates compared with corticosteroids alone.⁷,¹¹ The use of combination regimens has been associated with sustained remission and improved renal outcomes.¹¹,¹² Relapse Prevention: Relapse remains a major challenge in the long-term management of renal diseases. Evidence suggests that maintenance therapy with non-steroidal immunosuppressive agents reduces disease flare rates when compared with corticosteroid-based regimens.¹,¹¹ Mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide, in particular, have been associated with lower relapse frequency and prolonged remission duration.¹,⁶,¹¹ Safety and Adverse Drug Reactions: Corticosteroids are associated with a broad spectrum of adverse effects, including hyperglycemia, hypertension, weight gain, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infection.²,⁴ In contrast, other immunosuppressive agents present more specific toxicity profiles. For example, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine are commonly associated with bone marrow suppression, while calcineurin inhibitors carry a risk of nephrotoxicity.²,⁴ Despite these risks, targeted immunosuppressive therapy may reduce cumulative corticosteroid exposure and associated long-term complications.²,⁴,¹³ CONCLUSION: Corticosteroids remain an important component of immunosuppressive therapy in renal diseases due to their rapid anti-inflammatory effects. However, increasing evidence supports the use of alternative immunosuppressive agents to achieve superior remission rates and reduce corticosteroid-related toxicity.¹,² Individualized treatment selection based on disease type, patient characteristics, and safety considerations is essential. Steroid-sparing strategies represent a significant advancement in improving long-term renal outcomes and patient quality of life.²,⁴,¹³
Precision Medicine in Cancer Therapy: Comparative Insights from AI-Driven Genomics and Multi-Omics Approaches
Precision medicine is transforming cancer therapy by enabling treatments tailored to the molecular and genetic characteristics of individual patients. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and multi-omics integration have improved the ability to analyze tumor heterogeneity, identify biomarkers, and predict therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes evidence from 2015 onward on the application of AI-based genomic analysis and multi-omics approaches in cancer therapy. AI-driven genomics allows rapid interpretation of genetic variants and prioritization of therapeutic options, while multi-omics provides comprehensive biological insights to guide diagnosis and treatment decisions. Challenges include complex data integration, computational limitations, ethical concerns, and the need for clinical validation. Continued research and standardization are essential for translating these technologies into routine oncology practice.
Therapeutic Role and Safety Profile of Corticosteroids in Renal Disorders
Corticosteroids are extensively used in the management of several renal disorders due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties (1). They remain a cornerstone of therapy in conditions such as glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, lupus nephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, and renal transplantation (7). Although their clinical benefits are well established, long-term corticosteroid therapy is associated with a wide range of adverse effects, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease (3). This review summarizes evidence published after 2015 regarding the therapeutic role and safety profile of corticosteroids in renal disorders.
These days, cancer is the most lethal illness, and it's getting worse because of the way we live. The emergence of aberrant cells that have the capacity to invade and destroy healthy bodily tissues and divide uncontrollably is known as cancer. The most prevalent malignancies are those of the prostate, colon, lung, and breast. Nowadays, precision oncology focusses on matching the most precise and efficient treatment depending on the patient's unique situation as well as their disease and genetic profile. These treatments, which target cancer cells more precisely while protecting healthy cells, are typically based on the genetic profile of the tumour. Personalised medicine is another name for precision medicine. The cancer is treated based on the individual's medical history, condition, and type of cancer. This review aims to objectively evaluate how cancer treatment has changed, with a focus on the move towards more accurate techniques. An overview of the precision approach, personalised medicine for cancer, diagnosis and therapy, the benefits and drawbacks of precision medicine, and the successes and difficulties in applying precision cancer medicine are all covered in this review.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Pharmacy: A Review
With the advent of Industry 5.0, the fifth industrial revolution, and the ongoing paradigm shift of Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence aims to reshape the landscape of the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors by delivering smarter and more effective solutions in the field of medicine across the globe. Within the healthcare environment, AI is driving future advancements by predicting clinical outcomes, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and enabling personalized treatment plans. In the pharmaceutical sector, AI has been implemented at almost every stage, driving innovation from the initial phases of drug discovery through manufacturing and commercial distribution. This review briefly explores the pivotal role of AI-based systems in healthcare and pharmacy. Furthermore, the critical challenges and potential solutions are examined within the context of the evolving frameworks of these industrial revolutions.
Aspirin in the Prevention of Fetal Growth Restriction: Its Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes
Background: Foetal growth restriction (FGR) is a serious pregnancy complication associated with long-term adverse outcomes, neonatal morbidity, and stillbirth. Its primary causes include inadequate spiral arterial remodelling, endothelial dysfunction, and reduced placental perfusion. Low-dose aspirin (LDA) has been extensively studied for improving uteroplacental blood flow through its antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory effects. Initiating aspirin before 16 weeks of gestation significantly reduces FGR risk in high-risk pregnancies. Main Body: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and related databases to identify clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guideline statements assessing aspirin for FGR and preeclampsia prevention. Key search terms included low-dose aspirin, foetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental insufficiency, and pregnancy complications. Studies from India were reviewed separately to highlight regional evidence variations. Results: Randomized trials and meta-analyses indicate that aspirin enhances uteroplacental circulation, lowers preeclampsia risk, and reduces FGR incidence, particularly when started before 16 weeks at 100–150 mg daily. Safety outcomes are favourable, with minimal maternal or neonatal adverse effects at recommended doses. However, compliance and outcomes vary due to differences in healthcare access, antenatal care timing, and practices. In India, limited large-scale studies and inconsistent guidelines have hindered routine aspirin use in obstetric care. Conclusion: Low-dose aspirin is a safe, cost-effective intervention that reduces FGR and associated complications when initiated early in high-risk pregnancies. Despite global recommendations, its use remains suboptimal in some regions, including India. Population-specific trials and standardized national protocols are needed to optimize clinical benefits.
Pharmaceutical Automation: Revolutionizing Manufacturing and Beyond
Just like any other industry, Automation has revolutionised the pharmaceutical industry too. It has enabled to increase the efficacy, save time, reduce cost and ensure products of consistent quality. In a country like India which is known as the Pharmacy of the world, it is essential that the quality of the medicines is uncompromised and pharmaceutical automation will enable adherence to the same. Automation is used at various stages of Pharmaceutical Industry right from target identification, lead discovery, pre-clinical and clinical trials, manufacturing, packing and labelling. This article provides an insight on the use of automation in each of these areas. Amid rising prescription volumes and increasing expectations for accuracy, safety, and timely dispensing, community pharmacies must adopt automation systems to enhance workflow efficiency and reduce medication-related errors
Shilpa P. Bhilegaonkar Shilpa P. Bhilegaonkar
Rinky Ursula Da Costa Rinky Ursula Da Costa
Ethical Consideration & International Regulatory Guidelines in Animal Research in Drug Discovery
As the vital link between laboratory science and clinical evaluation, preclinical animal research continues to be a fundamental part of contemporary drug discovery. Only in vivo investigations can accurately capture the systemic pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and toxicity necessary to enable first-in-human dosing, even while early-stage medicinal chemistry, in vitro tests, and computational screening uncover and optimize lead drugs. In accordance with international guidelines like ICH M3(R2), regulatory bodies such as the U.S. FDA, EMA, and India's CDSCO require suitable animal studies in Investigational New Drug (IND/CTA) filings. Therefore, revolutionary treatment developments in endocrinology, infectious illnesses, cancer, and vaccine development have been made possible by animal models. Due to differences in disease biology, metabolism, and immunological responses between species, many drug candidates that show efficacy and safety in animals but fail in clinical trials are an example of the inconsistent translational predictivity of animal studies. The desire for improvement is further fueled by operational constraints, high costs, and ethical issues. Scientific and regulatory organizations place a strong emphasis on rigorous model selection, improved study design, and incorporating the 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—to address these issues. At the same time, the field of nonclinical development is changing due to new human-relevant approaches like organoids, organ-on-chip platforms, and AI-driven computational toxicology. While critically analysing their limits and related ethical frameworks, this study emphasizes the crucial role that animals play in PK/PD evaluation, efficacy testing, and safety assessment. It delves deeper into the development of improved in vivo models, verified substitutes, and hybrid testing approaches that all work together to improve translational success. All things considered, ethical, evidence-based animal research—along with creative substitutes—remains essential for providing patients with safe and efficient medications.
Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological Disorders
The prevalence of neurological disorders with unknown causes is rising, includes well-researched conditions like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, Schizophrenia, cerebrovascular diseases and stroke. Consequently, focus has shifted to creating novel and efficient drug delivery devices that can transport drugs and have good brain bioavailability by Nano neurotechnology. Some of these issues have recently shown encouraging remedies due to use of nanoparticles in medicine delivery. In the diagnosis and treatment of various illnesses with drug and/or imaging agent efficacy, cellular uptake and selective transport to target organs frequently arise. Due to the BBB, a densely packed layer of endothelial cells that blocks foreign chemicals from entering the brain, neurodegenerative illnesses pose significant problems. Engineered nanomaterials, which are particles between 1 and 100 nm in size, are offering intriguing biomedical tools that may be able to overcome these issues because of their physico-chemical characteristics and the potential for multi-functionalization, which allows conferring variety of properties simultaneously, including the capacity to pass the blood-brain barrier. This study focuses on the most advanced nanomaterials for neuroprotection, neuronal tissue regeneration, and diagnostic imaging of the most prevalent neurodegenerative illnesses. The range of nanotechnologies that are readily available enables the nanoscale material with properties most suited to the therapeutic difficulties presented by a specific CNS illness. Clinical neuroscience's use of nanotechnology will depend on our capacity to combine it with our expanding knowledge of the molecular causes of CNS disorder. Finally, new nanotechnological methods are explored.
Synergistic Role of IFTAK Technique and Aragwadhadi Varti in Management of Fistula - in - Ano
Fistula is a condition where two epithelial surfaces connect in an abnormal way. A condition known as fistula-in-ano occurs when there is a communication formed between the anal canal and the perineal region. The path is usually bordered by unattractive granulation tissues. The main reason for this condition is inadequately managed crypto glandular infection. As time has progressed, the Ksharasutra remains the top option among treatment methods for Fistula-in-ano due to reduced complications such as recurrence and incontinence. In spite of all these benefits, there are still some disadvantages including discomfort, prolonged anxiety, more frequent hospital visits, longer treatment times, and considerable post-surgical scarring. IFTAK (Interception of Fistulous tract with application of Ksharasutra) is a new, enhanced Ksharasutra approach, allowing greater convenience for patients while eliminating the limitations of traditional methods. Additionally, the use of Aragwadhadi varti in conjunction with the previously mentioned technique resulted in improved healing of the remaining section of the track. In this instance, IFTAK is performed under Spinal anaesthesia. Ksharasutra was changed weekly for 3 weeks , and Aragwadhadi varti was applied on every third day for 12 times. The fistula fully healed within 45 days. This research demonstrated an initial total remission of the fistulous tracts using the IFTAK method and Aragwadhadi varti, in contrast to the traditional Ksharasutra approach. Based on the duration, the traditional approach requires 15-20 weeks, while this research took significantly less time. And throughout the follow-up, no recurrence was observed. Consequently, the IFTAK method used alongside Aragwadhadi varti was considered very effective because of its ability to save time and minimize scarring and fibrosis.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Dementia in the Elderly
Dementia, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, cognition, and behaviour, poses a major global health challenge in aging populations. The complexity of early diagnosis and the subtle onset of symptoms often delay intervention. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool for the early detection, classification, and monitoring of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. AI-driven models leveraging neuroimaging, clinical data, speech analysis, and digital biomarkers are redefining diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. This review highlights the current advancements, methodologies, and challenges in the application of AI for dementia diagnosis in the elderly, and discusses its implications for clinical practice and future research.
A Study on Drug Utilization evaluation of Anti cancer drugs Used in Oncology department Under National health Scheme of Ayushman bharath Arogya Karnataka Ina Tertiary Care Teaching hospital
DUE is an ongoing systematic process that promotes rational use of drugs, it is an integral part of patient care and could also be used to assess the quality of services delivered for patients in different medicare system, including oncology. The study's major goal is to improve patient knowledge in all areas, which will help to improve current health care as well as find the various forms of cancer, most frequently prescribed drugs, rational use of cytotoxic medication and prescription indicator(s) in a tertiary care teaching hospital.
Study on Drug Utilization In general Surgery and Allied surgery Departments Under national Health Scheme Of ayushman Bharath Arogyakarnataka in Tertiary Careteaching Hospital
Objectives: Assess drug use patterns, effectiveness, patient awareness, and adherence to the WHO Essential Drug List and NLEM under the ABARK health scheme in General Surgery and allied departments. Materials and Methods: prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in general surgery and allied surgery departments of Krishna Rajendra Hospital Mysore, Karnataka. A total of 871 cases were observed over a period of 6 months.
Review on Coronavirus Disease 2019 Transmission, Diagnosis And treatment
COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which first appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Prvince, Central China, in December 2019 and has spread rapidly since then. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by an infection with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and has caused one of the largest global outbreaks in recent years, posing a serious threat to global public health. World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency on January 30, 2020. Despite global efforts to prevent SARS-CoV2 transmission by quarantining infected people and their family members, social distancing, and school closures, the spread of infection could not be stopped. The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 2 to 3%. Diagnosis is by demonstration of the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular tests. Common laboratory findings include normal/ low white cell counts with elevated = C-reactive protein (CRP). The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is essentially supportive; role of antiviral agents is yet to be established
Fast-dissolving films, which bypass hepatic first pass metabolism and offer quick therapeutic impact, are now more widely accepted and accurate oral dosage forms. The main components of this system are patient compliance and industrial compatibility. Advantages of oral disintegrating dose forms versus solid dosage forms Recently, mouth-dissolving films have entered the market because they are more convenient and simple to use than other dosage forms, such as orally disintegrating pills. The type of drug delivery method known as a mouth dissolving film dissolves or disintegrates when placed in the oral cavity in a matter of seconds without the need for water. This technique is mostly employed in specific populations like children, the elderly, patients who are bedridden, patients who are mentally ill, and the general public. The present review provides various formulation considerations, methods of preparation, and evaluations of film.
Comparative Study of Perception and Awareness About Generic vs Branded Medicines in Rural and Urban Areas of Kolhapur
Typically, pharmaceutical companies create two different drugs from a single ingredient. One product, known as branded medicine, is heavily advertised and supported by doctors, retailers, and chemists. Another option, known as generic medicine, is not advertised or promoted.. So the Government of India is taking lot of steps to promote the availability of generic medicines both in rural and urban areas and also taking steps to aware people that it is equally safe and effective as that of branded medicines. The survey is about perception towards generic medicines and branded medicines and current scenario of branded and generic medications in rural and urban areas of Kolhapur. This study was conducted to find out the different factors that could influence the use of generic and branded medicines among people from rural and urban areas of Kolhapur. The study was carried out among 100 people from rural areas and 100 from urban areas of Kolhapur. From the above survey it is found that Branded medicines from each category were widely used in Rural and Urban areas of Kolhapur compare to the Generic medicines. People found less aware about the difference between the Generic and branded medicines in Rural area than the Urban area.
Cancer had become a common disease worldwide and cancer related death is also increasing in various parts of the world in spite of increased screening and diagnostic facilities available with effective treatment modalities and modern technologies. The prevalence of different type of cancer varies with variation in the living environment, differences in the ethnicity, diet and life style. Early detection of cancer and availability of advanced health care system makes it possible to reduce cancer related mortalities. Life style modification, sedentary life style, processed food and fast-food consumption, lack of fibre rich food in the diet, stress causes alteration in the microenvironment of the cells leading to genetic changes and mutation. Mutation in the cellular level becomes the primary reason for the development of cancer cells. Colorectal cancer prevalence, risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer, pathogenesis, diagnosis and various treatment modalities available are discussed in this article.
Formulation and evaluation of dental gel using lantana camara linn
The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a herbal gel containing Lantana leaf extract. Plant extracts were placed in the gel matrix and their pH, viscosity, diffusivity, etc. Physicochemical properties such as were determined. Physicochemical tests of the samples showed no agglomeration, uneven color and no fibers or particles. It also features easy cleaning and good conduction. The aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Lantana (Verbenaceae) leaf extract. Analysis of methanol extract of Lantana camara (MELC) for acetic acid production, hot plate analgesic activity, and anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan and histamine-induced foot edema. The results showed that the leaves and bark of MELC (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) had significant anti-inflammatory properties, and the 200 mg/kg dose of MELC leaves and bark showed greater activity than the 100 mg/kg dose. Preliminary phytochemical analysis has revealed the presence of various phytochemicals that may be responsible for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The results show that MELC has a good ability to reduce inflammation and prevent infection and may be useful for treatment
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Community Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Systematic Review of Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reaction
The history of pharmacovigilance started back 169 years ago with the death of a 15- year-old girl, Hannah Greener. However, the Thalidomide incident of 1961 brought a sharp change in the pharmacovigilance process, with adverse drug reaction reporting being systematic, spontaneous, and regulated timely. Therefore, continuous monitoring of marketed drugs was essential to ensure the safety of public health. Any observed adverse drug reaction detected by signals was to be reported by the health profession. Moreover, signal detection became the primary goal of pharmacovigilance based on reported cases. Among various methods used for signal detection, the Spontaneous Reporting System was most widely preferred; although, it had the limitation of "underreporting". Gradually, the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre and "Uppsala Monitoring Centre" were established in 1978 for international monitoring of drugs. The center was responsible for operating various databases like vigiflow, vigibase, vigilyze, and vigiaccess. Recently, huge data could be generated through spontaneous reporting linked with computational methods, such as Bayesian Framework, ESynthesis. Furthermore, drug safety surveillance at an early stage prior to the official alerts or regulatory changes was made possible through social media. In addition, India created a National Pharmacovigilance Program, and Schedule Y of the Drug and Cosmetic Act 1945 was reviewed and amended in 2005
HER2 Positive and Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review
Background: Cancer is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity seen in all over the world. Breast cancer is the second most prevalent type of non-skin cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for 10.4% of all cancer incidences among women. HER2 is a protein that plays a role in cell growth and differentiation accounts for 15-20% of HER2- Positive breast cancer. Lack of expression of Estrogen & Progesterone Receptor and the absence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and accounts for 15% of Triple negative breast cancer of all cases
Toxicity Profile Related Toimmune Check Point Inhibitors:a Comprehensive Review
Immunotherapies are changing the scope of advanced solid tumour treatment. These molecules that increase the endogenous immune response against molecules that increase the endogenous immune response against tumours. They have revolutionized the field of oncology. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that are used to treat over one in three cancer patients, checkpoint inhibitors, such as CTLA-4 or PD1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, and CSF-1R antibodies. Cancer immunotherapies have unique toxicity profile different from other cancer therapies, which presents difficult for physician in ruling out and addressing adverse effects produced by inflammation brought immune response activation. Any organ or system in the body may have adverse effects; however, GI, dermatologic, hepatic, endocrine, and pulmonary toxicities are the most frequent. Any changes should raise an alert that they are related to the medication. Immune related adverse effects (irAEs) vary with incidence and onset depending on the type and dosage of Immune check point inhibitors used. Checkpoint inhibitors therapy is frequently continued even in the event of minor irAEs. However, fatal results have been recorded in instances involving moderate to severe irAEs, and these toxicities require early detection along with suitable care. They can additionally lead to life-threatening decreases in organ function and health related quality of life (HRQL).
Ribose 5 Phosphate I Some Rased Eficiency: A Rare Metabolic Disorder
An enzymopathy of the pentose phosphate pathway is ribose 5-phosphate isomerase (RPI) deficiency. One rare condition that no medication can prevent is ribose 5-phosphate isomerase. These diseases, which cause the brain's mucus and white matter to build abnormally and impair brain function, are the most underappreciated. And as a result, people pass away. In this condition, the amount of cerebral white matter increases and decreases, elevating the Dribitol level. Residue exchange cannot be entirely blamed for the RPI activity observed in patient cells.The rarest conceivable disease, ribose-5-phosphate i some rase deficiency, is a malfunction in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) with only one confirmed case. Because ribose-5-phosphate isomerase is an enzyme involved in the pentose phosphate pathway, mutations in this enzyme can cause ribose 5 phosphate isomerase deficiency, the most uncommon condition. Ribose 5 phosphate utilizes the purine synthesis pathway to initiate the production of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP). Ribose and ribose phosphate are the products as well as the intermediates of the pentose phosphate path way.A fairly uncommon, hereditary pentose phosphate metabolism condition called ribose-5-P isomerase deficiency is characterized by a progressive leukoencephalopathy and significantly elevated levels of ribitol and D-arabitol in the brain and bodily fluids. Unstable ribose 5 phosphate enzyme synthesis is the cause of ribose 5 phosphate isomerase. Any disease that affects the human body, such as optic atrophy, cerebellar ataxia, seizures, or epilepsy, is the cause of them. Treatment for diseases resulting from ribose 5 phosphate isomerase problem is utilized to diagnose them.
A Study to Assess Patient Safety With Ceftriaxone and Metronidazole Inpost-operative Laparoscopiccholecystectomy Patients
Objectives:To determine the incidence of antibiotic (ceftriaxone and metronidazole) resistance among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. To evaluate drug utilization pattern of post-operative laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Methods:A total of 120 patients meeting the study criteria in surgery department will be enrolled in the study after obtaining the informed consent. All relevant data of the enrolled patients will be collected from various data sources and documented. Results: A total of 120 study participants from Surgery department. The majority of patient belonged to the age group 36-45(32.5%) represented most of the patients in the study were males (45.8%) compared to females (54.16%)From the result, among 120 patients, (20.83%) were Smokers and (79.16%) were Non-smokers. (96.66%) were prescribed Ceftriaxone and (3.3%) patients were not prescribed Ceftriaxone. A culture sensitivity test was done only on 11 patients where 54.54% of the population were resistant to the drug ceftriaxone and 5 were not detected as resistant and there were no patients resistant to metronidazole. In this study, the most commonly prescribed class of drugs were Analgesics (19.8%), followed by Electrolytes (24.08%), Antibiotics (9.7%), PPI (8.02%), Antiparasitic (6.7%), Antiemetic (7.62%), Vitamin (24.08%) respectively. Conclusion: In our study, antibiotics, PPI, vitamins and analgesics, drugs are most commonly used drug classes in treating post operative lap.Cholecystectomy. Average number of drugs per prescription was high reflecting polypharmacy. This study helps in evaluating the existing drug use pattern, Evaluating antibiotic resistance with ceftriaxone and metronidazole and to make appropriate interventions. This survey helps to estimate the drug utilisation evaluation of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients and pattern of antibiotic resistance.
POST-OPERATIVE LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY PATIENTS
A Systematic Review Onphy to Chemicals Having Vascular Protective Effects
Vascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by imbalances in vasodilation and constriction, deficiency of nitric oxide bioavailability, and elevated reactive oxygen species, is a key factor in cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Regular consumption of medicinal plants, fruits, and vegetables can promote vascular health and lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Phytochemical compounds found in these resources, such as curcumin have potential therapeutic agents for vascular dysfunction due to their antioxidative mechanisms. However, further human studies are needed to confirm these effects. Also, medicinal properties against CVDs of 4 widely used plants namely ginseng, ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, gynostemma pentaphyllum are discussed in this review to provide recent information on their vascular protective mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. However, future human studies will be necessary to confirm the clinical effects of these vascular protective mechanisms. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the recent clinical trials and have been conducted using these medicinal herbs with special emphasis on their efficacy, safety, and toxicity. Marketed formulations and case studies regarding to vascular protective effect are also mentioned. Our study aimed to analyse and compare monthly costs along with cost variation between Ayurveda and Allopathy medicines used to treat 2 chronic disease conditions, viz. Atherosclerosis and Hypertension. The prices of Allopathic & Ayurvedic drugs mentioned in the treatment guidelines for these 2 conditions were obtained from different sources. In the case of Allopathic drugs, the %CVD ranged from 182%for DMARDs to 1184.39% for Corticosteroids. In the case of Anti-hypertensive medicines, too, the mean %CVD ranged from 84.21% for Rasaushadhi to 353.33% for Arishta, while %CVD ranged from 150.70% for ACE inhibitors to 269.85% for Calcium channel blockers for Ayurvedic and Allopathic medicines, respectively.
A Study on the Assessment of Etiological Factors of Laparotomy and Its Drug Utilization Evaluation Along With Ceftriaxone Resistance
Aims and objectives: To study and analyse the prescription pattern of drugs post-laparotomy surgery, etiological factors of laparotomy surgery, and ceftriaxone resistance in the study population. Materials and method: A prospective observational study of patients who underwent laparotomy surgery was carried out in the surgery department of K R Hospital, Mysuru for a period of six months. All relevant data of the enrolled patients was collected from various data sources and documented in suitably designed data collection forms to evaluate the causes of laparotomy and to understand the pattern and extent of medication by using Drug Utilization and Evaluation(DUE). The reports of blood cultures, wound cultures, or pus cultures of study participants will be evaluated to check for ceftriaxone resistance. Results: Of 103 patients, 64.1% were male and 35.9% were female. Most patients were in the age group 31-40 years (29.1%). In this study, the most commonly prescribed class of drugs were Analgesics 21.9% (n=158), followed by Electrolytes 16.8% (n=121), Antibiotics 15.9% (n=103), PPI 14.3% (n=103) respectively. The most common etiological factors of laparotomy surgery were acute appendicitis 44.66% (n=46), acute intestinal obstruction 13.58% (n=14), and subacute intestinal obstruction 9.70% (n=10). Out of 103patients, 12 patients underwent a culture sensitivity test and 58.33% (n=7) were resistant to ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Gender and age of the study population had a significant association with the study and were majorly considered. The study observed that the strains of organisms that exhibit resistance to ceftriaxone are gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most commonly used drugs were Analgesics, Electrolytes, Antibiotics, and PPI. Major etiological factors for performing laparotomy surgery were found to be acute appendicitis, acute intestinal obstruction, and sub-acute intestinal obstruction.
A Prospective Observational Study on Measuring Clinical Out Comes of Enoxaparin and Unfractionated Heparin Inacute Coronary Syndromepatients
Introduction: STEMI, NSTEMI and UA are included in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Anticoagulant medications such as enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin lower coagulation activity. Objectives:To determine the health-related quality of life and pain in the patients treated with enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin. Methods: A six-month cohort study was conducted at the Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research. Subject enrollment was based on the inclusion of patients above 18 years of age and the exclusion of pregnant and lactating women along with other severe comorbid conditions. Data, including patient demographics, medical history and medication records were collected. Pain and quality of life were assessed using various scales, documented in Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 160 patients who met the inclusion criteria were taken. 80 were administered with enoxaparin and 80 were administered with unfractionated heparin. The patients who received enoxaparin showed greater improvement in both the domains of SF-12 questionnaires and also in the visual analogue scale when compared to unfractionated heparin. Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists play an important role in improving the health-related quality of life for patients with acute coronary syndrome by counseling the patients regarding their condition by educating them about the importance of taking medications regularly and monitoring the patients frequently.
Design and Development of Vitamin ‘a’ Stabilization by Different Technique
Vitamin A Palmitate (VAP) contains retinol and palmitic acid, which are essential to the body. But it is a light-sensitive molecule that undergoes degradation when exposed to UV light. The purpose of this study was to prepare a stabilised VAP powder using Spray drying and the encapsulation technique. For spray drying, an emulsion of VAP was prepared using maize starch and maltodextrin with tween 80 as an emulsifier and the resulting emulsion was spray dried. For encapsulation, VAP was mixed with MCC and sorbic acid as a preservative and the mixture was lyophilized. The stabilised powder contains 35% VAP and was produced using different concentrations of wall materials. The prepared powder was evaluated for their physical properties, drug content, in-vitro drug release and SEM study. The result showed that the obtained powder is nearly spherical in shape, with a particle size range of 1–14 μm. The drug content of different batches was found to be within an acceptable range. The drug release study showed 87.41% to 95.8% of drug release from stabilised powder at the end of 60 minutes. The formulations were kept for a 3-month stability study as per ICH guidelines and found to be stable.
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