International Journal of Community Pharmacy
Assessment of Patient Reported Adverse Drug Reactions and Quality of Life in Epileptic Patients Receiving Polytherapy:a Hospital Based Study
bjectives:Aims to collect and assess the patient reported adverse drug reactions and quality of life in patients receiving anti-epileptic polytherapy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Psychiatric Out Patients Department (OPD) of Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Mysuru. Patients who were above 18 years of age and willing to participate in the study, met with the specified inclusion criteria were included. The causality of reported ADRs and quality of life were assessed using Naranjo algorithm and QOLIE-10 respectively and analysed
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Community Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Smicrosphere’s: A Promising Drug Carrier
The targeted drug delivery is designed for endeavoring to concentrate the drug in the tissues of curiosity while reducing relative concentration of medication in the remaining tissues. There for drug is localized on the targeted site. Hence, surrounding tissues are not affected by the drug. Controlled drug delivery system can overcome the problems of conventional drug therapy and gives better therapeutic efficacy of a drug. Microspheres are characteristically free flowing powders consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers having a particle size ranging from 1-1000 µm. The range of Techniques for the preparation of microspheres offers a variety of opportunities to control aspects of drug administration and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a given drug. There are various approaches in delivering a therapeutic substance to the target site in a sustained controlled release fashion. Microspheres has a drug located centrally within the particle, where it is encased within a unique polymeric membrane. In future various other strategies, microspheres will find the central place in novel drug delivery, particularly in diseased cell sorting, diagnostics, gene and genetic materials, safe, targeted and effective in vivo delivery and supplements as miniature versions of diseased organ and tissues in the body.
A Prospective Study on Combination of Olanzapine Orrisperi Done With Fluoxetine and Their Impact on Quality of Life in Psychosis Patients
Objectives: To assess the quality of life, medication adherence and the ADRs in psychosis patients taking a combination of olanzapine with fluoxetine and risperidone with fluoxetine. Methods: A six-month prospective observational cohort study with 100 participants on antipsychotics was conducted at Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Mysuru, in 2023. Data, including quality of life, ADRs, and medication adherence, was collected and assessed using SF-12, Naranjo scale, and MARS-10. Results: The study encompassed 100 participants, with those aged 36-45 (29%) more prone to psychosis. Males (52%) exhibited higher susceptibility than females (48%), and higher literacy levels (65%) increased the risk. Weight range 51-70kg (74%) was common, and most with psychosis were non-alcoholic (93%) and nonsmokers (85%). Regimens improved quality of life and medication adherence. Adverse drug reactions included sleeplessness (13.02%) and weight gain (13.02%), with a total of 307 reported, 201 deemed probable and 106 possible. Conclusion: The study population shows strong adherence, indicating the efficacy and tolerance of the current medication regimen. Findings underscore the need to address both physical and mental health for overall wellbeing. Emphasizing ADR assessment aids physicians in safe treatment selection, necessitating an active surveillance system for identifying and reporting ADRs linked to antipsychotic medicines
A Cross-sectional Study on the Prevalence of Adverse Drug Reactions of Sodium Valproate Used as a Mood Stabilizer Inpatients With Bipolar Affective Disorder in at Ertiary Care Hospital
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of ADRs and to analyse the causality, severity and preventability of ADRs associated with sodium valproate in BPAD patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in KR Hospital, Mysuru for a period of 6 months. After taking the consent the patients were interviewed to gather ADRs of sodium valproate, which were then recorded using the UKU SERS scale. ADRs associated were evaluated for causality, severity, and preventability using Naranjo’s Algorithm, Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale, and Modified Shumock and Thornton scale respectively and recorded. Results: Our study included 142 study population. Male preponderance (65.49%) was observed. A total of 368 ADRs were identified using UKU-side effect rating scale among the study population. The most common ADRs observed were increased sleep (11.41%), weight gain (8.69%), sexual dysfunction (8.69%), headache (7.33%). 69.57% of reactions were possible, 75.27% of ADRs were assessed as mild and 94.29% of ADRs were definitely preventable. Prevalence of ADRs was found to be 85.91%. Conclusion: ADRs are a frequent occurrence in patients with BPAD who are taking sodium valproate which is mild in most cases. Early detection and management can reduce the frequency of ADRs, increase compliance, and enhance patient quality of life.
Assessment of Quality of Life in Patients Under Go Neangioplasty and Takin Gticagrelor: A Prospective Observational Study
Acute Coronary Syndrome encompasses life threatening conditions including STEMI, NSTE, NSTEMI, and UA. Ticagrelor, an antiplatelet drug, reduces cardiac events but increases bleeding risk. DAPT with ticagrelor and aspirin is recommended post-PCI, with the duration determined by individual factors. Comprehensive prospective studies are essential to assess ticagrelor's real-world effectiveness and impact on patients' quality of life
Ticagrelor; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Angioplasty: Safety
Pharmacognostic Profile and Pharmacological Actions of Helicteres Isora Linn: A Review
The single use of herbal medicines, or in combination with other therapies are a prominent choice of many people as they can demonstrate advantages over chemotherapy or radiotherapy such as the reduction of side effects and efficiency for long term use. The development of many current medicines for the treatment of various diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, or cancer is primarily based on natural sources, including herbal plants. Helicteres isora Linn has been used traditionally as a folk medicine for treatment of various common diseases such as colic, constipation, diabetes, gastropathy, scabies, diarrhea, dysentery, snake bite, dog bite and inflammation. As a potential medicinal plant, many attempts have been made to identify the key bioactive compounds in H. isora and conduct invitro and in-vivo tests to investigate their potential as therapeutic agents for various diseases. 80% of world’s population relies on traditional medicines and plant extracts and the active constituents are used to meets people’s primary healthcare needs. This review focuses on compilation of pharmacognostic profile and pharmacological actions of Helicteres isora Linn plant.
Medicines are prescribed for a range of illnesses and occasionally used for a variety of nonmedical purposes. There are countless documented cases where medications have caused more harm than good. Concerns over the environmental effects of medication manufacture are also becoming more widespread among scientists and environmentalists. Low concentrations of medications have been found in drinking water, ground water, surface water, sea water, and sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents in numerous nations. Acute toxicity tests have been used to examine the effects of certain medications on aquatic species. However, little is known about the long-term toxicity and possible mild consequences.[1]
Safe Use of Hydrogen Perox Ideas a Nasal Spray - a Review
The present review aims to find out the possibility of using a H2O2 nasal spray by studying the available hydrogen peroxide sprays for human use for various purposes. Normally 3-6% solutions of H2O2 are used in medical applications. The reported NOEL and LOAEL studies indicated that up to 14.6mg/m3 was found to be safe in human trials. Hence the available safety reports recommend that, a single exposure of 0.3% H2O2 in the external nostrils as a nasal wash with a subsequent blowing of nose can be helpful in relieving decongestion.
An Overview for Determining Cytotoxic Activity of Some Indian Medicinal Plants
The aim of this review is to provide cell-based assays for the assessment of the cytotoxicity potential of some Indian medicinal plants against different cancer cell lines on Humans. The cytotoxicity of various cell lines such as HepG2, Hs578T, MCF-7, A549, SKOV3 were evaluated by performing various invitro anticancer assays such as MTT assay, MTS assay, SRB assay, HPLC method. All these plants have the potential for invitro studies and possess anticancer activity. The result of this present study confirmed that plant extracts have bioactive constituents with cytotoxic properties and which are useful for developing new anticancer drugs.
Cytotoxicity, Cancer cell lines (HepG2, MCF-7, SKOV3), Assays (MTT, MTS, SRB)
In Vitro Anthelminthic activity Of Herbal Formulation Against Eisenia fetida
The present study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity of Herbal formulation of leaves of Platyclatus orientalis, Momordica charantia and Punica granatum against Eisenia fetida. For this study used various concentrations (25-100 mg/ml) herbal formulation were evaluated in the bioassay involving determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Albendazole was used as standard anthelmintic drug and distilled water was used as control. The results of present study indicated that the herbal formulation significantly exhibited paralysis (P<0.01) in worms in higher dose 100 mg/ml and also caused death of worms especially at higher concentration of 100 mg/ml, as compared to standard drug.
Novel Herbal Drug Delivery System: A Review
A Novel Drug Delivery System [NDDS] can be defined as new approach that combines innovative development, formulations, novel methodologies for delivering pharmaceutical compounds in the body as needed to safety achieve its desired pharmacological effects. Drug delivery is the method or process of administering pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or animals. Most common methods of delivery include the preferred non-invasive peroral (through the mouth), topical (skin), transmucosal (nasal, buccal, sublingual, vaginal, ocular and rectal) and inhalation routes. Many medications such as peptide and protein, antibody, vaccine and gene-based drugs, in general may not be administered using these routes because they might be susceptible to enzymatic degradation or cannot be absorbed into the systemic circulation efficiently due to molecular size and charge issues to be therapeutically effective. NDDS is advanced drug delivery system which improves drug potency, control drug release to give a sustained therapeutic effect, provide greater safety; finally, it is to target a drug specifically to a desired tissue. NDDS is a system for delivery of drug other than conventional drug delivery system. NDDS is a combination of advance technique and new dosage forms which are far better than conventional dosage forms.
Corticosteroids versus other Immunosuppressive agents in renal disease: A Comparative Study
Objective: To critically compare corticosteroids with other immunosuppressive agents used in immune-mediated renal diseases, with emphasis on therapeutic efficacy, relapse prevention, and safety profiles.¹,² Results: Evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses indicates that non-steroidal immunosuppressive agents, including mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, calcineurin inhibitors, and biologic agents, demonstrate superior remission rates and reduced relapse frequency when compared with corticosteroid monotherapy in diseases such as lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy.¹,³,⁵ Corticosteroids remain effective for rapid disease control but are associated with significant long-term adverse effects.²,⁴ Each immunosuppressive class exhibits distinct safety concerns, requiring individualized treatment selection.²,⁴ Conclusion: While corticosteroids continue to play a vital role in the management of renal diseases, steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents offer improved long-term outcomes and reduced toxicity in selected patient populations. Optimized combination therapy and careful monitoring are essential for maximizing therapeutic benefit while minimizing adverse drug reactions.²,⁴,¹³ Keywords: corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, renal diseases, lupus nephritis, safety, efficacy INTRODUCTION: Immune-mediated renal diseases constitute a significant cause of chronic kidney injury and progression to end-stage renal disease. Conditions such as lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, and membranous nephropathy are characterized by immune dysregulation, leading to inflammation and structural kidney damage.¹⁰,¹⁴ Immunosuppressive therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment aimed at inducing remission and preserving renal function.²,⁴ Corticosteroids have historically been used as first-line agents due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, prolonged corticosteroid exposure is associated with serious adverse effects including metabolic disturbances, osteoporosis, infection risk, and cardiovascular complications.²,⁴ Advances in immunopharmacology have led to the development of alternative immunosuppressive agents with targeted mechanisms of action, prompting a shift toward steroid-sparing therapeutic strategies.¹,² This review compares corticosteroids with other immunosuppressive agents used in renal diseases, focusing on efficacy and safety outcomes reported in current literature.¹,² MATERIALS AND METHODS: This narrative review was conducted by analyzing published systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials that evaluated corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of immune-mediated renal diseases. Relevant studies were identified through peer-reviewed databases and included comparative data on clinical efficacy, relapse rates, and adverse drug reactions.¹,²,⁴ INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria: • Published randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews¹,²,⁵ • Studies involving patients with immune-mediated renal diseases¹⁰,¹⁴ • Articles comparing corticosteroids with one or more immunosuppressive agents¹,³ • Studies reporting outcomes related to remission, relapse, or safety¹,²,⁴ Exclusion criteria: • Non-comparative studies • Studies unrelated to renal diseases • Preclinical or animal studies • Case reports and opinion articles RESULTS: Comparative Efficacy: Multiple large-scale analyses have demonstrated that immunosuppressive agents such as mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide achieve higher renal remission rates than corticosteroid monotherapy in lupus nephritis.¹,⁵,⁶ Network meta-analyses have shown that calcineurin inhibitors, including tacrolimus and cyclosporine, are effective alternatives for inducing remission, particularly in patients with refractory disease.¹,³ In membranous nephropathy, calcineurin inhibitors and antimetabolites have demonstrated improved response rates compared with corticosteroids alone.⁷,¹¹ The use of combination regimens has been associated with sustained remission and improved renal outcomes.¹¹,¹² Relapse Prevention: Relapse remains a major challenge in the long-term management of renal diseases. Evidence suggests that maintenance therapy with non-steroidal immunosuppressive agents reduces disease flare rates when compared with corticosteroid-based regimens.¹,¹¹ Mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide, in particular, have been associated with lower relapse frequency and prolonged remission duration.¹,⁶,¹¹ Safety and Adverse Drug Reactions: Corticosteroids are associated with a broad spectrum of adverse effects, including hyperglycemia, hypertension, weight gain, osteoporosis, and increased susceptibility to infection.²,⁴ In contrast, other immunosuppressive agents present more specific toxicity profiles. For example, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine are commonly associated with bone marrow suppression, while calcineurin inhibitors carry a risk of nephrotoxicity.²,⁴ Despite these risks, targeted immunosuppressive therapy may reduce cumulative corticosteroid exposure and associated long-term complications.²,⁴,¹³ CONCLUSION: Corticosteroids remain an important component of immunosuppressive therapy in renal diseases due to their rapid anti-inflammatory effects. However, increasing evidence supports the use of alternative immunosuppressive agents to achieve superior remission rates and reduce corticosteroid-related toxicity.¹,² Individualized treatment selection based on disease type, patient characteristics, and safety considerations is essential. Steroid-sparing strategies represent a significant advancement in improving long-term renal outcomes and patient quality of life.²,⁴,¹³
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Community Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Precision Medicine in Cancer Therapy: Comparative Insights from AI-Driven Genomics and Multi-Omics Approaches
Precision medicine is transforming cancer therapy by enabling treatments tailored to the molecular and genetic characteristics of individual patients. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and multi-omics integration have improved the ability to analyze tumor heterogeneity, identify biomarkers, and predict therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes evidence from 2015 onward on the application of AI-based genomic analysis and multi-omics approaches in cancer therapy. AI-driven genomics allows rapid interpretation of genetic variants and prioritization of therapeutic options, while multi-omics provides comprehensive biological insights to guide diagnosis and treatment decisions. Challenges include complex data integration, computational limitations, ethical concerns, and the need for clinical validation. Continued research and standardization are essential for translating these technologies into routine oncology practice.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Pharmacy: A Review
With the advent of Industry 5.0, the fifth industrial revolution, and the ongoing paradigm shift of Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence aims to reshape the landscape of the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors by delivering smarter and more effective solutions in the field of medicine across the globe. Within the healthcare environment, AI is driving future advancements by predicting clinical outcomes, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and enabling personalized treatment plans. In the pharmaceutical sector, AI has been implemented at almost every stage, driving innovation from the initial phases of drug discovery through manufacturing and commercial distribution. This review briefly explores the pivotal role of AI-based systems in healthcare and pharmacy. Furthermore, the critical challenges and potential solutions are examined within the context of the evolving frameworks of these industrial revolutions.
These days, cancer is the most lethal illness, and it's getting worse because of the way we live. The emergence of aberrant cells that have the capacity to invade and destroy healthy bodily tissues and divide uncontrollably is known as cancer. The most prevalent malignancies are those of the prostate, colon, lung, and breast. Nowadays, precision oncology focusses on matching the most precise and efficient treatment depending on the patient's unique situation as well as their disease and genetic profile. These treatments, which target cancer cells more precisely while protecting healthy cells, are typically based on the genetic profile of the tumour. Personalised medicine is another name for precision medicine. The cancer is treated based on the individual's medical history, condition, and type of cancer. This review aims to objectively evaluate how cancer treatment has changed, with a focus on the move towards more accurate techniques. An overview of the precision approach, personalised medicine for cancer, diagnosis and therapy, the benefits and drawbacks of precision medicine, and the successes and difficulties in applying precision cancer medicine are all covered in this review.
A Review on Microbiology and Molecular Biology
Forensic microbiology is an old science in a new application. Its introduction to the forensic sciences has been a necessary response to terrorist threats. The benefits that microbiology brings to criminal investigations extend well outside those required for the investigation of terrorism. In return, microbiology has benefited from the enormous advances imposed by the need to develop tools for forensic investigation. The purpose of this article is to describe how microbiology is applied in the investigation of bioterrorism, highlighting the modern advances in technology, particularly the DNA technologies, which have assisted this discipline as a forensic practice. Predictive microbiology is based on the premise that the responses of populations of microorganisms to environmental factors are reproducible and that by characterizing foods in terms of those factors, it is possible, from past observations, to predict the responses of those microorganisms in other analogous environments. This knowledge is summarized in mathematical models to enable prediction of the behavior of microbial populations in foods over time. Predictive microbiology is a powerful tool to aid microbial food safety and quality assurance, both in its own right and to complement hazard analysis and critical control points programs, hurdle technology, and quantitative microbial risk assessment. This article considers the history, philosophy, and impetus of predictive microbiology; principles of mathematical modelling; types of predictive microbiology models; uses, strategies, and resources for ‘predictive microbiology’; and assessment of the performance of ‘predictive microbiology’ models.
Cosmetics are constituted mixture of chemical compound. Obtain either natural sources or created synthetically. Cosmetics are used to different type of purposes. Those mainly prepared for personal care and skin care or also used to the purpose of protection of the body or skin. The main aim of the presence study is to prepare and evaluate the herbal shampoo to determine the physicochemical, efficiency and quality. Different natural sources are used as mixture of cosmetic preparation. Cosmetic preparation is prepared by using different type of instrument such as spray dryer, freeze dryer etc. on the large scale or small-scale basis the main advantage of herbal cosmetic preparation produces less side effect and safe.
Aspirin in the Prevention of Fetal Growth Restriction: Its Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes
Background: Foetal growth restriction (FGR) is a serious pregnancy complication associated with long-term adverse outcomes, neonatal morbidity, and stillbirth. Its primary causes include inadequate spiral arterial remodelling, endothelial dysfunction, and reduced placental perfusion. Low-dose aspirin (LDA) has been extensively studied for improving uteroplacental blood flow through its antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory effects. Initiating aspirin before 16 weeks of gestation significantly reduces FGR risk in high-risk pregnancies. Main Body: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and related databases to identify clinical trials, meta-analyses, and guideline statements assessing aspirin for FGR and preeclampsia prevention. Key search terms included low-dose aspirin, foetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental insufficiency, and pregnancy complications. Studies from India were reviewed separately to highlight regional evidence variations. Results: Randomized trials and meta-analyses indicate that aspirin enhances uteroplacental circulation, lowers preeclampsia risk, and reduces FGR incidence, particularly when started before 16 weeks at 100–150 mg daily. Safety outcomes are favourable, with minimal maternal or neonatal adverse effects at recommended doses. However, compliance and outcomes vary due to differences in healthcare access, antenatal care timing, and practices. In India, limited large-scale studies and inconsistent guidelines have hindered routine aspirin use in obstetric care. Conclusion: Low-dose aspirin is a safe, cost-effective intervention that reduces FGR and associated complications when initiated early in high-risk pregnancies. Despite global recommendations, its use remains suboptimal in some regions, including India. Population-specific trials and standardized national protocols are needed to optimize clinical benefits.
Pharmaceutical Automation: Revolutionizing Manufacturing and Beyond
Just like any other industry, Automation has revolutionised the pharmaceutical industry too. It has enabled to increase the efficacy, save time, reduce cost and ensure products of consistent quality. In a country like India which is known as the Pharmacy of the world, it is essential that the quality of the medicines is uncompromised and pharmaceutical automation will enable adherence to the same. Automation is used at various stages of Pharmaceutical Industry right from target identification, lead discovery, pre-clinical and clinical trials, manufacturing, packing and labelling. This article provides an insight on the use of automation in each of these areas. Amid rising prescription volumes and increasing expectations for accuracy, safety, and timely dispensing, community pharmacies must adopt automation systems to enhance workflow efficiency and reduce medication-related errors
Shilpa P. Bhilegaonkar Shilpa P. Bhilegaonkar
Rinky Ursula Da Costa Rinky Ursula Da Costa
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Community Pharmacy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethical Consideration & International Regulatory Guidelines in Animal Research in Drug Discovery
As the vital link between laboratory science and clinical evaluation, preclinical animal research continues to be a fundamental part of contemporary drug discovery. Only in vivo investigations can accurately capture the systemic pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and toxicity necessary to enable first-in-human dosing, even while early-stage medicinal chemistry, in vitro tests, and computational screening uncover and optimize lead drugs. In accordance with international guidelines like ICH M3(R2), regulatory bodies such as the U.S. FDA, EMA, and India's CDSCO require suitable animal studies in Investigational New Drug (IND/CTA) filings. Therefore, revolutionary treatment developments in endocrinology, infectious illnesses, cancer, and vaccine development have been made possible by animal models. Due to differences in disease biology, metabolism, and immunological responses between species, many drug candidates that show efficacy and safety in animals but fail in clinical trials are an example of the inconsistent translational predictivity of animal studies. The desire for improvement is further fueled by operational constraints, high costs, and ethical issues. Scientific and regulatory organizations place a strong emphasis on rigorous model selection, improved study design, and incorporating the 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—to address these issues. At the same time, the field of nonclinical development is changing due to new human-relevant approaches like organoids, organ-on-chip platforms, and AI-driven computational toxicology. While critically analysing their limits and related ethical frameworks, this study emphasizes the crucial role that animals play in PK/PD evaluation, efficacy testing, and safety assessment. It delves deeper into the development of improved in vivo models, verified substitutes, and hybrid testing approaches that all work together to improve translational success. All things considered, ethical, evidence-based animal research—along with creative substitutes—remains essential for providing patients with safe and efficient medications.
Novel Applications of Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological Disorders
The prevalence of neurological disorders with unknown causes is rising, includes well-researched conditions like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, multiple sclerosis, Schizophrenia, cerebrovascular diseases and stroke. Consequently, focus has shifted to creating novel and efficient drug delivery devices that can transport drugs and have good brain bioavailability by Nano neurotechnology. Some of these issues have recently shown encouraging remedies due to use of nanoparticles in medicine delivery. In the diagnosis and treatment of various illnesses with drug and/or imaging agent efficacy, cellular uptake and selective transport to target organs frequently arise. Due to the BBB, a densely packed layer of endothelial cells that blocks foreign chemicals from entering the brain, neurodegenerative illnesses pose significant problems. Engineered nanomaterials, which are particles between 1 and 100 nm in size, are offering intriguing biomedical tools that may be able to overcome these issues because of their physico-chemical characteristics and the potential for multi-functionalization, which allows conferring variety of properties simultaneously, including the capacity to pass the blood-brain barrier. This study focuses on the most advanced nanomaterials for neuroprotection, neuronal tissue regeneration, and diagnostic imaging of the most prevalent neurodegenerative illnesses. The range of nanotechnologies that are readily available enables the nanoscale material with properties most suited to the therapeutic difficulties presented by a specific CNS illness. Clinical neuroscience's use of nanotechnology will depend on our capacity to combine it with our expanding knowledge of the molecular causes of CNS disorder. Finally, new nanotechnological methods are explored.
Synergistic Role of IFTAK Technique and Aragwadhadi Varti in Management of Fistula - in - Ano
Fistula is a condition where two epithelial surfaces connect in an abnormal way. A condition known as fistula-in-ano occurs when there is a communication formed between the anal canal and the perineal region. The path is usually bordered by unattractive granulation tissues. The main reason for this condition is inadequately managed crypto glandular infection. As time has progressed, the Ksharasutra remains the top option among treatment methods for Fistula-in-ano due to reduced complications such as recurrence and incontinence. In spite of all these benefits, there are still some disadvantages including discomfort, prolonged anxiety, more frequent hospital visits, longer treatment times, and considerable post-surgical scarring. IFTAK (Interception of Fistulous tract with application of Ksharasutra) is a new, enhanced Ksharasutra approach, allowing greater convenience for patients while eliminating the limitations of traditional methods. Additionally, the use of Aragwadhadi varti in conjunction with the previously mentioned technique resulted in improved healing of the remaining section of the track. In this instance, IFTAK is performed under Spinal anaesthesia. Ksharasutra was changed weekly for 3 weeks , and Aragwadhadi varti was applied on every third day for 12 times. The fistula fully healed within 45 days. This research demonstrated an initial total remission of the fistulous tracts using the IFTAK method and Aragwadhadi varti, in contrast to the traditional Ksharasutra approach. Based on the duration, the traditional approach requires 15-20 weeks, while this research took significantly less time. And throughout the follow-up, no recurrence was observed. Consequently, the IFTAK method used alongside Aragwadhadi varti was considered very effective because of its ability to save time and minimize scarring and fibrosis.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Dementia in the Elderly
Dementia, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, cognition, and behaviour, poses a major global health challenge in aging populations. The complexity of early diagnosis and the subtle onset of symptoms often delay intervention. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool for the early detection, classification, and monitoring of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. AI-driven models leveraging neuroimaging, clinical data, speech analysis, and digital biomarkers are redefining diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. This review highlights the current advancements, methodologies, and challenges in the application of AI for dementia diagnosis in the elderly, and discusses its implications for clinical practice and future research.
A Study on Drug Utilization evaluation of Anti cancer drugs Used in Oncology department Under National health Scheme of Ayushman bharath Arogya Karnataka Ina Tertiary Care Teaching hospital
DUE is an ongoing systematic process that promotes rational use of drugs, it is an integral part of patient care and could also be used to assess the quality of services delivered for patients in different medicare system, including oncology. The study's major goal is to improve patient knowledge in all areas, which will help to improve current health care as well as find the various forms of cancer, most frequently prescribed drugs, rational use of cytotoxic medication and prescription indicator(s) in a tertiary care teaching hospital.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Community Pharmacy
Study on Drug Utilization In general Surgery and Allied surgery Departments Under national Health Scheme Of ayushman Bharath Arogyakarnataka in Tertiary Careteaching Hospital
Objectives: Assess drug use patterns, effectiveness, patient awareness, and adherence to the WHO Essential Drug List and NLEM under the ABARK health scheme in General Surgery and allied departments. Materials and Methods: prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in general surgery and allied surgery departments of Krishna Rajendra Hospital Mysore, Karnataka. A total of 871 cases were observed over a period of 6 months.
Review on Coronavirus Disease2019 Transmission, Diagnosis And treatment
COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which first appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Prvince, Central China, in December 2019 and has spread rapidly since then. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by an infection with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and has caused one of the largest global outbreaks in recent years, posing a serious threat to global public health. World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency on January 30, 2020. Despite global efforts to prevent SARS-CoV2 transmission by quarantining infected people and their family members, social distancing, and school closures, the spread of infection could not be stopped. The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 2 to 3%. Diagnosis is by demonstration of the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular tests. Common laboratory findings include normal/ low white cell counts with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is essentially supportive; role of antiviral agents is yet to be established
Fast-dissolving films, which bypass hepatic first pass metabolism and offer quick therapeutic impact, are now more widely accepted and accurate oral dosage forms. The main components of this system are patient compliance and industrial compatibility. Advantages of oral disintegrating dose forms versus solid dosage forms Recently, mouth-dissolving films have entered the market because they are more convenient and simple to use than other dosage forms, such as orally disintegrating pills. The type of drug delivery method known as a mouth dissolving film dissolves or disintegrates when placed in the oral cavity in a matter of seconds without the need for water. This technique is mostly employed in specific populations like children, the elderly, patients who are bedridden, patients who are mentally ill, and the general public. The present review provides various formulation considerations, methods of preparation, and evaluations of film.
Comparative Study of Perception and Awareness About Generic vs Branded Medicines in Rural and Urban Areas of Kolhapur
Typically, pharmaceutical companies create two different drugs from a single ingredient. One product, known as branded medicine, is heavily advertised and supported by doctors, retailers, and chemists. Another option, known as generic medicine, is not advertised or promoted.. So the Government of India is taking lot of steps to promote the availability of generic medicines both in rural and urban areas and also taking steps to aware people that it is equally safe and effective as that of branded medicines. The survey is about perception towards generic medicines and branded medicines and current scenario of branded and generic medications in rural and urban areas of Kolhapur. This study was conducted to find out the different factors that could influence the use of generic and branded medicines among people from rural and urban areas of Kolhapur. The study was carried out among 100 people from rural areas and 100 from urban areas of Kolhapur. From the above survey it is found that Branded medicines from each category were widely used in Rural and Urban areas of Kolhapur compare to the Generic medicines. People found less aware about the difference between the Generic and branded medicines in Rural area than the Urban area.
Cancer had become a common disease worldwide and cancer related death is also increasing in various parts of the world in spite of increased screening and diagnostic facilities available with effective treatment modalities and modern technologies. The prevalence of different type of cancer varies with variation in the living environment, differences in the ethnicity, diet and life style. Early detection of cancer and availability of advanced health care system makes it possible to reduce cancer related mortalities. Life style modification, sedentary life style, processed food and fast-food consumption, lack of fibre rich food in the diet, stress causes alteration in the microenvironment of the cells leading to genetic changes and mutation. Mutation in the cellular level becomes the primary reason for the development of cancer cells. Colorectal cancer prevalence, risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer, pathogenesis, diagnosis and various treatment modalities available are discussed in this article.