This study investigated the role of demographic variables as moderators in the relationships among Organizational Climate,
Empowerment, Self-Efficacy and Employee Engagement. For the study the total data of 447 employees including managers was
collected from Manufacturing and Information Technology sectors in NCR, India. In the study first it was studied and found that
there exist high levels of employee engagement in all the three dimensions, that is prevalence of empowerment, supportive
organisational climate and high level of self-efficacy belief among the employees of the organizations. The measurement scales to
measure study constructs were adopted from literature. The study data was analyzed by using moderation analysis in higher order
structural equation modelling with the help of IBM AMOS 16.0. The result revealed that in case of gender, there was no evidence
found of differential impact of predictors on the employee engagement. Whereas in case of other demographic variables used in
the study (education, age and tenure of work), there was strong evidence of differential impact on response variable (employee
engagement).
Understanding Employee Engagement: A Moderation Analysis Perspective
95 Views
101 Downloads
Published 2023-03-30
Pages 36-51
Abstract
Keywords
Employee Engagement
Organizational Climate
Self-Efficacy
Demographic Variables
References
- Adhikari, B., & Arora, R. (2011). Dispositional Factors as Determinant of Employee Engagement in IT Sector: A Study in NCR Delhi. Review of Human Resource Management, 1(1), 1-12.
- Babin, B. J., & Boles, J. S. (1996). The Effects of perceived co-worker involvement and supervisor support on service provider role stress, performance, and job satisfaction. Journal of Retailing, 72(1), 57–75.
- Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and practice. London and New York: Psychology Press.
- Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behaviour: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behaviours, 29, 147-154.
- Bakker, A. B. (2009). Building engagement in the workplace. In R. J. Burke & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), The peak performing organization (pp. 50-72). Oxon, UK: Routledge.
- Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13, 209-223.
- Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
- Bhatnagar, J. (2005). The power of psychological empowerment as an antecedent to organizational commitment in Indian managers. Human Resource Development International, 8, 419–433.
- Brown, S. P., & Peterson, R. A. (1994). The effect of effort on sales performance and job satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 70-80.
- Brown, S. P., & Leigh, T. W. (1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(4), 358-368.
- Chaudhary, R., Santosh, & Barua, M. K. (2011). HRD Climate and Occupational Self-efficacy as Predictors of Employee Engagement. Review of Management, 1(3), 16-28.
- Chaudhary, R., Rangnekar, S., & Barua, M. K. (2012). HRD Climate, Occupational Self-Efficacy, and Work Engagement: A Study from India. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(2), 86-105.
- Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64, 89-136.
- Consiglio, C., Borgogni, L., Di Tecco, C., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2016). What makes employees engaged with their work? Career Development International, 21(2), 125-143.
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
- Dikkers, J. S. E., et al. (2010). Proactivity, job characteristics, and engagement: A longitudinal study. Career Development International, 15, 59-77.
- Dwivedi, J., & Rajendran, R. (2022). Impact of demographic variables and effectiveness of rewards and recognition on employee engagement of select private sector banks in Telangana during the pandemic. Special Education, 43(1), 1646-1656.
- Dollard, F., & Bakker, A. (2010). Psychosocial safety climate as conducive work environments, psychological health problems, and employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 579–599.
- Ford, R. C., & Fottler, M. D. (1995). Empowerment: A matter of degree. Academy of Management Executive, 9, 21-28.
- Fulmer, C. A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2012). At what level (and in whom) we trust: Trust across multiple organizational levels. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1167-1230.
- Garg, A., & Kumar, V. (2012). A study of employee engagement in the pharmaceutical sector. International Journal of Research in IT and Management, 2(5), 85–98.
- Gerbing, D. W., & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192.
- Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
- Hakanen, J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43, 495–513.
- Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research.
- Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 268-279.
- Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A Review of Scale Development Practices in the Study of Organizations. Journal of Management, 21, 967-988.
- Horváthová, P., Mikušová, M., & Kashi, K. (2019). Evaluation of the employees’ engagement factors importance methodology including generation Y. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 32(1), 3895-3917.
- Johnson, M. (2004). Gallup study reveals workplace disengagement in Thailand.
- Judge, T. A., Van Vianen, A. E. M., & De Pater, I. E. (2004). Emotional stability, core self-evaluations, and job outcomes. Human Performance, 17, 327–347.
- Judge, T.A., & Hurst, C. (2007). The benefits and possible costs of positive core self-evaluations. Sage Publications.
- Kahn, W. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
- Kopelman, R.E., Brief, A.P., & Guzzo, R.A. (1990). The role of climate and culture in productivity. Jossey Bass.
- Koyuncu, M., Burke, R.J., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2006). Work engagement among women managers and professionals in a Turkish bank. Equal Opportunities International, 25, 299–310.
- Litwin, G. H., & Stringer, R. A. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Harvard University.
- Locke, E.A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, 4, 309-36.
- Luthans, F., & Peterson, S. J. (2002). Employee engagement and Manager self-efficacy. Journal of Management Development, 21(5), 376–387.
- Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The Meaning of Employee Engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 3–30.
- Marcus, A., & Gopinath, N. M. (2017). Impact of the Demographic Variables on The Employee Engagement - An Analysis. ICTACT Journal on Management Studies, 3(2), 502-510.
- May, D., Gilson, R., & Harter, L. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11–37.
- Meyers, M., et al. (2020). Organizational Support for Strengths Use, Work Engagement, and Contextual Performance. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15, 485–502.
- Oldham, G.R., & Hackman, J.R. (1987). Job characteristics theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31(3), 278-296.
- Pati, S. P., & Kumar, P. (2010). Employee Engagement: Role of Self-efficacy, Organizational Support & Supervisor Support. The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(1), 126-137.
- Quiñones, M., et al. (2013). Do job resources affect work engagement via psychological empowerment? Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29, 127-134.
- Rana, S., Chopra, P., & Pant, D. (2019). Employee Engagement: Role of Demographic Characteristics in Telecom Sector. JETIR, 6(6), 331-342.
- Rich, B., Lepine, J.A., & Crawford, E.R. (2010). Job engagement: antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635.
- Robinson, D., Perryman, S., & Hayday, S. (2004). The Drivers of Employee Engagement. Institute of Employment Studies.
- Robinson, I. (2006). Human Resource Management in Organizations. London: CIPD.
- Rothmann, S., & Storm, K. (2003). Engagement in the South African Police Services.
- Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619.
- Schalkwyk, S. v., et al. (2010). Job insecurity, leadership empowerment behavior, employee engagement, and intention to leave. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(1), 1-7.
- Schaufeli, W.B., et al. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
- Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
- Sharma, A., Goel, A., & Sengupta, S. (2017). How does Work Engagement vary with Employee Demography? Procedia Computer Science, 122, 146–153.
- Singh, J. (2000). Performance productivity and quality of frontline employees in service organizations. Journal of Marketing, 64, 15-34.
- Truss, C., et al. (2006). Working Life: Employee Attitudes and Engagement. London: CIPD.
- Xanthopoulou, D., et al. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 235–244.
- Zhang, L., & Farndale, E. (2022). Workforce age profile effects on job resources, work engagement, and organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Review, 51(1), 194-209.
- Zhang (2011). The relationship between perceived leadership styles and employee engagement: the moderating role of employee characteristics.
✓ Citation copied to clipboard
