Enhanced Data Models for Geographic Information Systems
Main Article Content
Abstract
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are becoming essential tools for analyzing and geographically transferring the information
about the world. GIS incorporates, both spatial and non spatial data, and has the capability for searches, overlays, association and display output in 2D/3D incorporating non spatial data. In addition to spatial data a GIS systems contain geo referenced information which enables near true representation of geography and capability to provide measurements, variations etc. These features make the technology different from the CAD systems and conventional database applications. The capabilities of GIS have brought a paradigm shift in the approach to the presentation of information.
References
[1] Annitto R.N., and Patterson B.L., (1995), “A new paradigm for GIS data communication”, Journal of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association 7(1): 64–67.
[2] Badia A., (2004), “Entity–relationship modeling revisited”, SIGMOD Record, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 77–82.
[3] Bahl B., Rajpal N., Sharma V. (2011), “Triangular Pyramid Framework for Enhanced Object Relational Dynamic Data Model for GIS”, International Journal of Computer Science Issues, vol. 8, issue 1, pp. 320–328.
[4] Bahl B., Sharma V., Rajpal N., (2011), “Topo-Net Spatial Entity Relationship Model for Applications”, International Journal of Database Management Systems, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 27–38.
[5] Bahl B., Sharma V., Rajpal N., (2011), “DIGITIZ: Raster to vector Spatial Data conversion Tool”, Proc. International Conference on Data Management, IMT Ghaziabad, pp. 155–162.
[6] Bahl B., Sharma V., Rajpal N., (2012), “Terzatto: A Tool for transformation of spatial data into the Triangular Pyramid Framework”, GeoMatix-2012 International Conference, IIT Mumbai.
[7] Ballaney S., Nair B., (2003), “Application of Satellite Images and GIS in the preparation of Development Plans”, Map Asia Conference, pp. 1–10.
[8] Bancilhon F., (1988), “Object-Oriented database systems”, Proc. 7th ACM Symposium on Principles of Database Systems, pp. 1–11.
[9] Banerjee J., (1987), “Data Model issues for object-oriented applications”, ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 5(1), pp. 445–456.
[10] Batini C., Ceri S., Navathe S.B., (1992), Conceptual Database Design: An Entity Relationship Approach, Benjamin/Cummings.
[11] Batini C., Ceri S., Navathe S.B., (1992), Conceptual Database Design, Benjamin/Cummings.
[12] Bai Y.B., Xu X.E., (2001), “Object Boundary Encoding”, Computers in Industry, No. 46, pp. 65–74.
[13] Bouille F., (1978), “Structuring Cartographic data”, International Symposium on Topological Data Structures, Harvard.
[14] Buneman P., Atkinson M., (1986), “Inheritance and persistence in database programming languages”, ACM SIGMOD, pp. 4–15.
[15] Burleson D.K., (1994), Managing Distributed Databases, Wiley.
[16] Burleson D.K., (2012), “Advantages and Disadvantages of Object-Oriented Approach”, dba-oracle.com
[17] Chen P.S.P., (1976), “The entity-relationship model”, ACM Transactions on Database Systems.
[18] Choi A., Lub W.S., (1991), “A Bi-level Object Oriented Data Model for GIS Application”, IEEE COMPSAC, pp. 238–244.
[19] Christensen A.F., Tryfona N., Jensen C.S., (2001), “Requirements in Geographic Data Modeling”, ACM Symposium on Advances in GIS, pp. 2–8.
[20] Christine P., Stefano S., Esteban Z., (1999), “Spatio-Temporal conceptual models”, ACM GIS’99, pp. 26–33.
[21] Colmer P., (2010), “In-Memory Data Grid for improving performance”, highscalability.com
[22] Corbett J.P., (1979), “Topological Principles in cartography”, US Bureau of Census.
[23] Cowen D.J., (1990), “GIS versus CAD versus DBMS”, Taylor & Francis, pp. 52–61.
[24] Dangermond J., (1982), “Classification of software components in GIS”, Honolulu workshop, pp. 70–91.
[25] Dedic A., Murn R., Pecek D., (1991), “Digitalization of Large Area Drawings”, IEEE Proceedings, pp. 1260–1263.
[26] Devillers R., et al., (2007), “Spatial data quality tools”, IJGIS, Vol. 21, No. 3.
[27] Egenhofer M.J., (1989), “Formal definition of binary topological relationships”, Springer.
[28] Egenhofer M.J., Franzosa R.D., (1991), “Point–set topological spatial relations”, IJGIS.
[29] Egenhofer M., Herring J., (1991), “High-level spatial data structure for GIS”, Longman.
[30] Egenhofer M.J., Sharma J., (1993), “Assessing topological consistency”, Springer.
[31] Egenhofer M.J., Sharma J., (1993), “4-intersection vs 9-intersection models”, Autocarto.
[32] Egenhofer M., Herring (1990), “Mathematical framework for topological relationships”, Zurich.
[33] Egenhofer M.J., et al., (1994), “Evaluating inconsistency among representations”, Edinburgh.
[34] Eken S., Sayar A., (2012), “Vector-Raster transfers”, IEEE COMPSAC, pp. 346–347.
[35] Elmasri R., Wuu G., (1990), “Temporal model and query language”, Data Engineering.
[36] Elmasri R., Navathe B.S., (2009), Fundamentals of Database Systems, data model categories.
[37] Elmasri R., Navathe B.S., (2009), Enhanced ER Model.
[38] Fayyad U., (1997), “Data Mining editorial”, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery.
[39] Ferg S., (1985), “Modeling time dimension in ER diagram”, ER Conference.
[40] Firn P.G., (1994), Extended ER for spatial databases, PhD Thesis.
[41] Gardels K., (1996), “Open GIS approach”, Santa Fe conference.
[42] Gregor E., et al., (1992), “Extended ER model”, Data & Knowledge Engineering.
[43] Gubiani D., Montanari A., (2007), “ChronoGeoGraph model”, SEBD.
[44] Gubiani D., Montanari A., (2008), “Conceptual spatial model”, ACM GIS’08.
[45] Guting R.H., (1994), “Spatial Database Systems”, VLDB Journal.
[46] Guting R.H., et al., (1998), “Moving objects modeling”, Informatik Report.
[47] Handy J., (1998), “Maintaining coherency in cache systems”, Academic Press.
[48] Herring J.R., (1991), Mathematical modeling of spatial info, Kluwer.
[49] Hori O., Tanigawa S., (1993), “Raster-to-vector conversion”, ICDAR’93.
[50] Hsieh C.C., Lo C.H., (2010), “Doubts about digitization”, IEEE Digital Society.
[51] Huang B., (2003), Object model with parametric polymorphism, IJGIS.
[52] Jeffrey P., Kate B., (1994), “Visualization of spatial data quality”, URISA Journal.
[53] Jun Li, Chengming Li, Chris Gold, (2001), “Voronoi-based 9-intersection model”, IJGIS.
[54] Kipelatinen T., (2000), “Maintenance of multiple representations database”, Cartographic Journal.
[55] Koncz N.A., Adams T.M., (2002), Multidimensional transportation data model, IJGIS.
[56] Konecny G., (2003), Geoinformation, Taylor & Francis.
[57] Kokubun T., et al., (1994), Optical cable network database, IEEE.
[58] Kosters G., et al., (2006), GeoOOA model, IEEE ICRE.
[59] Kumar H., Verma A.K., (2009), Distributed computing paradigms, BIJIT.
[60] Kwan K.W., Zhing W., (2002), Dynamic database in mobile GIS.
[61] Li S., et al., (2006), Geographic ontology spatial DB model, IEEE IGARSS.
[62] Liu W.B., et al., (2001), Node snapping algorithm.
[63] Lo C.P., Yeung K.W., (2009), Digital representation of geographic data, PHI.
[64] Lo C.P., Yeung K.W., (2009), Maps & geospatial data, PHI.
[65] Lou X., et al., (2005), Raster to vector conversion, IEEE.
[66] Lu H., Setiono R., Liu H., (1996), Neural network data mining, IEEE TKDE.
[67] Manfred R.K., TERM temporal ER model.
[68] Maras S.S., et al., (2010), Topological error correction, IJ Physical Sciences.
[69] Mark D., et al., (1987), GIS History Project, NCGIA.
[70] Mark D.M., (1975), Computer analysis of topography.
[71] Molenaar M., (1998), Spatial Object Modeling for GIS.
[72] Morehouse S., (1985), ARC/INFO geo-relational model.
[73] Morehouse S., (1989), ARC/INFO architecture.
[74] Newell R.G., Sancha T.L., (1990), CAD vs GIS.
[75] OGC (1999), OpenGIS Simple Feature Specification for SQL.
[76] Oliver K., Dollner J., (2002), 3D vector visualization in GIS, ACM.
[77] Peckham J., Maryanski F.J., (1988), Semantic data models, ACM Surveys.
[78] Perumal A., GIS for resource management.
[79] Peucker T., Chrisman N., (1975), Cartographic data structures.
[80] Purdy J., (2007), Data Grids & SOA, Oracle white paper.
[81] Rao M., National Spatial Data Infrastructure design.
[82] Raza A., (2001), Object oriented temporal GIS, PhD thesis.
[83] Van Roessel J.W., (1987), Spatial data structure design.
[84] Rosenberg D., (2010), Relational DB & big data.
[85] Sahai B., (2003), ISG Editorial.
[86] Samet H., (2001), Spatial databases & GIS challenges, ACM GIS’01.
[87] Sandrine B., Christine P., Stefano S., (2004), Multiple representations modeling, IJGIS.
[88] Sang C.K., et al., (2007), Multi-layer data quality model, IEEE IDEAS.
[89] Sauchyn D.J., Landscape sensitivity mapping.
[90] Seovic A., Falco M., Peralta P., (2010), Designing coherence caches.
[91] Shao Q., Zhou C., (1998), Marine fishery ER modeling.
[92] Shekhar S., et al., (1997), Data models in GIS, Communications of ACM.
[93] Shi W., Yang B., Li Q., (2003), Object oriented 3D GIS model, IJGIS.
[94] Song J., Su F., Tai C.L., Cai S., (2002), Vectorization system for engineering drawings, IEEE.
[95] Smith, Karen and Zdonik S., (1987), “Intermedia: A case study of the differences between Relational and object-oriented Database Systems”, In OOPSLA Proceedings, pp. 452–465.
[96] Storey V.C., Wang R.Y., (1998), “An Analysis of Quality Requirements in Database Design”, Proc. 4th International Conference on Information Quality.
[97] Sundaram R., (2010), “Oracle Coherence Cache for a high performance ecommerce application”, HCL Technologies, pp. 3–20.
[98] Su Y., Yang Lei, Jin Z., (2007), “Evaluating Spatial Data Quality in GIS Database”, Proc. International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, IEEE, pp. 5967–5970.
[99] Tadakaluru A., Karla A., Ernest A., (2005), “GeoExpert — A Framework for Data Quality in Spatial Databases”, Proc. International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation, IEEE.
[100] Terrey T. J., Yang D., Fry P. James, (1986), “A logical design methodology for relational databases using the extended entity–relationship model”, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 418–429.
[101] Theobald D.M., (2001), “Understanding Topology and Shapefiles”, ESRI: Understanding Our World, ArcUser Online.
[102] Tomlinson R.F., Calkins H.W., Marble D.F., (1976), “CGIS: A mature system”, Computer Handling of Geographical Data, Paris: UNESCO Press.
[103] Tryfona N., Pfoser D., Hadzilacos T., (1997), “Modeling behavior of geographic objects: an experiment with the object modeling technique”, Proc. 9th Int’l Conf. Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE’97), Springer, pp. 124–139.
[104] Tschaie W., Ernst S., “Design and Implementation of ‘Factual’ Databases to support GIS/RIS Analyses of Earth Systems for Civil Society”, ITC Netherlands.
[105] Twumasi B.O., (2002), “Modeling Spatial Object Behavior in Object Relational Geodatabase”, Thesis, ITC, Netherlands, pp. 17.
[106] Ubeda, T. and Egenhofer , J.M.(1997), “Correcting topological errors”, in: Scholl, M. and Voidsard, A(eds.) proceedings of the 5th international symposium on large databases.
[107] Upchurch Ed & Murphy J.(2000). , “Why Worry about Performance in E-Commerce Systems”, Proc. Of 16th UK IEE Teletraffic Symposium,May 2000.
[108] Velicanu M., Botha I.,(2011),”Solutions for the Object Relational databases Design “, Database Systems Journal, vol. II, no. 4, pp. 51-64.
[109] Wand Y., Wang R.Y.,(1996), “Anchoring Data Quality Dimensions in Ontological Foundations”. Communications of the ACM 39, 11
[110] Wang R.Y., Strong D.M., (1996) ,”Beyond Accuracy: What Data Quality Means to Data Consumers”. Journal of Management Information Systems, Volume 12, Issue 4, March , pp. 5-33.
[111] Wang Y.,GuoF.,Zhou L., Wang H., Ge C. (2009), ”Research on the Quality Control Method of Urban Engineering Geological Database”. First International Conference on Information Science and Engineering . pp.963-966.
[112] Warneckle L., Beattie J., Kollin C., Lyday W., French N.S.,(1998), ” GIS In Cities & Counties: A Nationwide Assessment”, URISA.http://www.urisa.org/node/533.
[113] Warneckle Lisa, Geo Management Associates; Jeff Beattie, American Forests; CherylKollin, Urban Forest Center; Winifred Lyday, Naco, Steve French,” A Nationwide Assessment”, GIS In Cities & Counties, URISA
[114] Worboys M.,(1995),”GIS : A computing Perspective”, Taylor and Francis, 1995.
[115] Worboys, M. F., Hearnshaw, H. M., Maguire, D. J.,(1990), “Object-Oriented Data Modeling for Spatial Databases”, International Journal of s”, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 369-383
[116] Wu Y.T., (1999), “Raster, Vector and Automated Map Digitizing”, Able Software Corp.
[117] Xie Z., Tian G., Wu L., Xia, (2010), “A framework for correcting geographical boundary inconsistency”, Proc. Geoinformatics, Springer, pp. 1–5.
[118] Xiulin L., Weigen H., Shi A., Joshua T., (2005), “Raster to Vector Conversion of Classified Remote Sensing Image”, IEEE, pp. 3656–3658.
[119] Yvan B., Cloude C., Zakaria M., Bernard M., Denis V., (1996), “Adapting data models for the design of spatio-temporal databases”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 20(1), pp. 19–41.
[120] Yen H.M., Su Shan-Wu, (2006), “Modeling for Geospatial Database of National Fundamental Geographic Information”, IEEE, pp. 856–859.
[121] — (not present — numbering skipped in source)
[122] Yeung K.W.A., Hall B.G., (2007), “Spatial Database Systems”, GeoJournal Library, Vol. 87, Springer, pp. 69–72.
[123] Zeiler M., (1999), “Presenting Geography through layers”, Modeling Our World, ESRI Press.
[124] Zeiler M., (1999), Modeling Our World: The ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design, ESRI Press.
[125] Zheng Y., (1998), “Standardization Guide of Urban …”, Beijing Science Press, pp. 158–162.
[126] Zheng Yan T., Zheng J.Z., Chua T.S., (2011), “Research and Applications on Georeferenced Multimedia: A Survey”, Multimedia Tools and Applications, Springer, pp. 77–98.
[127] WWW.ESRI.COM
, (1998), “ESRI Shapefiles Technical Description”, ESRI White Paper, pp. 1–2.
