Indian culture and society have always been hierarchical and stratified. The several hierarchies and stratification within the family was based on age, sex, ordinal position and within the community- it was of caste, lineage, wealth, learning, occupation. All this have been maintained by ‘a complex combination of custom, functionality, and religious belief. Indian society is known for each individual lives by the ‘ascribed’ rather than the ‘achieved’ status. The classic and traditional Hindu family ascribed the status of ‘Pativrata’ to the wife. ‘Pativrata’ literally translates as ‘one who is vowed to her husband.’ It implies that a wife must accept as her given (beholden) duty the service and devotion to her husband and family .
An Empirical Study on Work Life Balance of Dual Career Couples in Service Sector
241 Views
116 Downloads
Published 2025-09-24
Pages 64-77
Abstract
References
- A, Vasumathi (2018), ‘Work life balance of women employees: a literature review’, International Journal of Services
- and Operations Management, 29 100.10.1504/IJSOM.2018.10009105.
- Abubaker, Mahmoud & Bagley, Christopher. (2016), ‘Work-Life Balance and the Needs of Female Employees in the
- Telecommunications Industry in a Developing Country: A Critical Realist Approach to Issues in Industrial and
- Organizational Social Psychology’, Comprehensive Psychology 10.1177/2165222816648075.
- Adler P.S., Kwon S (2002), ‘Social Capital: Prospects for a new concept’, Academy of Management Review, 27
- (1), 17-40.
- Allan C., Loudoun R., & Peetz D. (2007), ‘Influences on work/non-work conflict’, Journal of sociology, 43(3), 219-
- 239.
- Altonji J. G., Anderson P. M., Azariadis C., Bar-Or Y., Beach C. M., Beaudry P., & Gunderson M. (2001), ‘Cited
- Author Index Garnett Picot, eds. 2001’, Working Time in Comparative Perspective: Volume I-Patterns, Trends, and
- the Policy Implications of Earnings Inequality and Unemployment Kalamazoo, MI: WE Upjohn Institute for
- Employment Research, 369
- Allen, Tammy. (2001), ‘Family-Supportive Work Environments: The Role of Organizational Perceptions’, Journal
- of Vocational Behaviour, 58, 414-435, 10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774.
- Anwar, Jamil & Hasnu, SAF & Yousaf, Saqib (2013), ‘Work-Life Balance: What Organizations Should do to
- Create Balance?’, World Applied Sciences Journal, 24, 1348-1354. 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.24.10.2593.
- Antai D., Oke A., Braithwaite P., & Anthony D. S. (2015), ‘A 'Balanced' Life: Work-Life Balance and Sickness
- Absence in Four Nordic Countries’, The international journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 6(4),
- 205–222 https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2015.667
- Basu, Kaushik & Maertens, Annemie (2007), ‘the Pattern and Causes of Economic Growth in India’, Oxford Review
- of Economic Policy, 23. 143-167. 10.1093/oxrep/grm012.
- Baker, Michael, (2000), ‘Selecting a Research Methodology’, The Marketing Review 1 373-397.
- 10.1362/1469347002530736.
- Barnett R. C., & Gareis K. C. (2006), ‘Role theory perspectives on work and family the work and family handbook:
- Multi-disciplinary perspectives and approaches’, 209-221.
- Bharathi S. V., & Mala E. P. (2016), ‘A Study on the Determinants of Work–Life Balance of Women Employees in
- Information Technology Companies in India’, Global Business Review, 17(3), 665–683.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150916630847
- Bhola, Sarang Shankar (2005), ‘Organisational Rejuvenation through Quality of Work Life’, Humanities and Social
- Sciences, 40-2, (2005) pp. 57-64, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2222560.
- Blair-Loy M., & Wharton A. S. (2004), ‘Organizational commitment and constraints on work-family policy use:
- Corporate flexibility policies in a global firm’, Sociological Perspectives, 47(3), 243-267.
- Cameron, K. S., Ireland, R. D., Lussier, R. N., New, J. R., & Robbins, S. P. (2003). Management textbooks as
- propaganda’, Journal of Management Education, 27(6), 711-729.
- Chaudhuri, Sanghamitra & Arora, Ridhi & Roy, Paramita (2020), ‘Work–Life balance policies and organisational
- outcomes–a review of literature from the Indian context’,Industrial and Commercial Training, 10.1108/ICT-01-2019-
- 0003.
- Chen Z., Powell G. N., & Greenhaus J. H. (2009), ‘Work-to-family conflict, positive spill over, and boundary
- management: A person-environment fit approach’, Journal of vocational behavior, 74(1), 82-93.
- Chitnis V., & Wright D. (2007), ‘Legacy of Colonialism: Law and Women's Rights in India’, Wash. & Lee L. Rev.,
- 64, 1315.
- Clarkberg M., & Moen P. (2001). ‘Understanding the time-squeeze: Married couples' preferred and actual workhour strategies’, American Behavioral Scientist, 44(7), 1115-1136.
- Darcy C., McCarthy A., Hill J., & Grady G. (2012), ‘Work–life balance: One size fit all? An exploratory analysis of
- the differential effects of career stage’, European Management Journal, 30(2), 111-120.
- Das S. P. (1981), ‘Paraurethral cysts in women’, The Journal of urology, 126(1), 41-43.
- De Cieri H., Holmes B., Abbott J., & Pettit T. (2002), ‘Work/life balances strategies: progress and problems in
- Australian Organisations’, Department of Management Monash University, Working Paper, 58(02).
- Draper D. C. (2013), ‘The instructional effects of Knowledge‐Based community of practice learning environment on
- student achievement and knowledge convergence’, Performance Improvement Quarterly, 25(4), 67-89.
- Dumitru, Voichita & Cozman, Doina. (2012), ‘the relationship between stress and personality factors’, Hum Vet
- Med. 4.
- Duxbury L., & Smart R. (2011), ‘The “myth of separate worlds”: An exploration of how mobile technology has
- redefined work-life balance. In creating balance?’, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 269-284.
- Edwards J. R., & Rothbard N. P. (2005), ‘Work and Family Stress and Well-Being: An Integrative Model of
- Person-Environment Fit within and Between the Work and Family Domains’. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert
- (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives, Lawrence Erlbaum
- Associates Publishers, pp. 211–242.
- Emslie C., & Hunt K. (2009),’ ‘Live to work’or ‘work to live’? A qualitative study of gender and work–life balance
- among men and women in mid‐life’, Gender Work & Organization, 16(1), 151-172.
- Ferreira M. P., Serra F. A. R., & Pinto C. S. F. (2014), ‘Culture and Hofstede (1980) in international business
- studies: A bibliometric study in top management journals’, REGE-Revista de Gestão, 21(3), 379-399.
- Ferry G. (2019), ‘Women in Science Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Women-in-Science2100321
- Fisher, Kimberly & Layte, Richard. (2004), ‘Measuring Work-Life Balance Using Time Diary Data’, Research
- Institute on Professions (Forschungsinstitut Freie Berufe (FFB)) and The International Association for Time Use
- Research (IATUR), electronic International Journal of Time Use Research 1 1-13 10.13085/eIJTUR.1.1.1-13.
- Friedman D., & Trott C. (2000),’ An event-related potential study of encoding in young and older adults’,
- Neuropsychologia, 38(5), 542-557.
- Gerson K. (2004), ‘Understanding work and family through a gender lens Community’, Work & Family, 7(2), 163-
- 178.
- Golden L., Wiens-Tuers B., Lambert S. J., & Henly J. R. (2011), ‘Working Time in the employment relationship:
- working time, perceived control and work–life balance’, Research handbook on the future of work and employment
- relations Edward Elgar Publishing.
- https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/ExternalResearchSchemes.aspx
- Hämmig O., & Bauer G. (2009), ‘Work-life imbalance and mental health among male and female employees in
- Switzerland’, International journal of public health, 54(2), 88-95.
- Hargis Michael & Kotrba Lindsey & Baltes Boris (2011), ‘what is really important: Examining the Relative
- Importance of Antecedents to Work-Family Conflict’, Journal of Managerial Issues, 23, 386-408.
- Hartung, P. J., & Taber, B. J. (2008), ‘Career construction and subjective well-being Journal of Career Assessment’,
- 16(1), 75-85.
- Heskiau R., & McCarthy J. M. (2020), ‘A work–family enrichment intervention: Transferring resources across life
- domains’, Journal of Applied Psychology.
- Hiebert B. and Borgen W. (ed.) (2002), ‘Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Twenty-First
- Century: New Roles and Challenges for Guidance and Counselling’, Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific
- and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
- https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/4/11-020411.pdf?ua=1
- Hyman J., & summers J. (2004), ‘Lacking balance? Work‐life employment practices in the modern economy’,
- Personnel Review.
- Insch A., & Florek M. (2008), ‘A great place to live, work and play: Conceptualising place satisfaction in the case of
- a city's residents in Journal of place management and development’.
- Iriberri Alicia & Leroy Gondy. (2009)., ‘A Life-Cycle Perspective on Online Community Success’, ACM Comput.
- Surv.pg 41 10.1145/1459352.1459356.
- Jyothi Sree V., & Jyothi P. (2012), ‘Assessing work-life balance: From emotional intelligence and role efficacy of
- career women’, Advances in Management.
- Karson M. (1968), ‘Handbook of Methods of Applied Statistics Volume I: Techniques of Computation Descriptive
- Methods, and Statistical Inference’, Volume II: Planning of Surveys and Experiments. IM Chakravarti, RG Laha,
- and J. Roy, New York, John Wiley.
- Keene, Jennifer & Reynolds, John. (2005), ‘the Job Costs of Family Demands Gender Differences in Negative
- Family-to-Work Spillover’, Journal of Family Issues - J FAM ISS 26.275-299. 10.1177/0192513X04270219.
- Kelly E. L., Kossek E. E., Hammer L. B., Durham M., Bray J., Chermack K., Murphy L. A., & Kaskubar, D.
- (2008), ‘Getting There from Here: Research on the Effects of Work-Family Initiatives on Work-Family Conflict and
- Business Outcomes’, the Academy of Management annals, 2, 305–34 https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520802211610.
- Kossek Ellen & Pichler Shaun & Bodner Todd & Hammer Leslie (2011), ‘Workplace social support and work-family
- conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family-specific supervisor and organizational
- support’, Personnel psychology, 64, 289-313.10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x.
- Lauring, Jakob & Selmer, Jan. (2010), ‘The supportive expatriate spouse: An ethnographic study of spouse
- involvement in expatriate careers’, International Business Review, 19, 59-69. 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.09.006.
- Link: https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/07/un-women-the-united-nations-entity-for-gender-equality-and-theempowerment-of-women/
- M, Klaveren & Tijdens, Kea & Hughie-Williams, M. & Ramos Martín, Nuria. (2009), ‘An overview of women's
- work and employment in Indonesia’, AIAS working papers.
- Mahomed R. (2013), ‘Gender and cultural identity negotiation of educated South African Indian mothers not
- pursuing careers (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria)’.
- Malhotra Y. (1996), ‘Organizational Learning and Learning Organizations: An Overview’.
- http://www.brint.com/papers/orglrng.htm
- Malhotra N. K., & Malhotra N. K. (2012), ‘Basic marketing research: Integration of social media’, Boston:
- Pearson.
- Mccarthy, Alma & Darcy, Colette & Grady, G. (2010), ‘Work-Life Balance Policy and Practice: Understanding
- Line Manager Attitudes and Behaviors’, Human Resource Management Review 20. 158.
- 10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.12.001.
- McDonald P., Pini B., & Bradley L. (2007), ‘Freedom or fallout in local government How work–life culture impacts
- employees using flexible work practices’, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(4), 602-
- 622.
- Mensch B., Arends-Kuenning, M., & Jain, A. (1996), ‘The impact of the quality of family planning services on
- contraceptive use in Peru’, Studies in family Planning, 59-75.
- Moen P and Yu. (2000), ‘Effective work life strategies: Working couples, work conditions, gender and life quality’,
- Social Problems, Volume 47(3), pp. 291-326.
- Munir F., Randall R., Yarker J., & Nielsen K. (2009), ‘The influence of employer support on employee management
- of chronic health conditions at work’, Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 19(4), 333-344.
- Mughal F., Ahmad M., Gondal A. M., Awan T. M., & Chaudhry I. G. (2010), ‘Repercussions of stressors on
- employee work-life balance: analysing the banking industry of Pakistan’, Journal for Global Business Advancement,
- 3(4), 325-347.
- Naeim F., & Kelly J. M. (1999), ‘Design of seismic isolated structures: from theory to practice’, John Wiley & Sons.
- Nath, Subash & Sahu, Maheswar & Patra, Soumendra (2010), ‘Cross-Cultural Effects on Internet Buying Behavior:
- An Empirical Study’.
- Noviati N. (2018), ‘An Application Of Comic Strip In Increasing Speaking Skill To The Tenth Grade Of Sma N 22
- Of Palembang’, Jurnal Dosen Universitas PGRI Palembang.
- Noviati N. (2020), ‘Improving The Students’ writing Skill through Looping Strategy to the Seventh Grade Students
- of Junior High School 15 of Palembang Holistics, 12(2).
- Oktosatrio, Suhendro (2018), ‘Investigating the Relationship between Work-Life-Balance and Motivation of the
- Employees: Evidences from the Local Government of Jakarta’, International Journal of Academic Research in
- Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 205-221.
- Oshi P., Carrington E.A., Wang L., Ketel C.S., Miller E.L., Jones R.S., Simon J.A. (2008), ‘Dominant alleles
- identify SET domain residues required for histone methyltransferase of Polycomb repressive complex’, J. Biol. Chem.
- 283(41): 27757--27766.
- Pichler S., Livingston B. A., Ruggs E. N., & Varma A. (2016), ‘The dark side of high-performance work systems:
- Implications for workplace incivility, work-family conflict, and abusive supervision’, In Understanding the HighPerformance Workplace, (pp. 249-269).
- Pichler F. (2009), ‘Determinants of work-life balance: Shortcomings in the contemporary measurement of WLB in
- large-scale surveys’, Social indicators research, 92(3), 449-469.
- Powell G. N., & Greenhaus J. H. (2010), ‘Sex, gender, and the work-to-family interface: Exploring negative and
- positive interdependencies’, Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 513-534.
- Puccinelli N. M., & Tickle-Degnen L. (2004), ‘Knowing too much about others: Moderators of the relationship
- between eavesdropping and rapport in social interaction’, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(4), 223-243.
- Roberts, Ken, (2007), ‘Work-life balance-the sources of the contemporary problem and the probable outcomes’,
- Employee Relations, 29, 334-351, 10.1108/01425450710759181.
- Ruhm, C. J. (2004), ‘Parental Employment and Child Cognitive Development’, the Journal of Human Resources,
- 39(1), 155–192. https://doi.org/10.2307/3559009.
- Selmer, Jan & Lauring, Jakob. (2015), ‘Work engagement and intercultural adjustment’, International Journal of
- Cross-Cultural Management 16 10.1177/1470595815622491.
- Setiawan A. R., & Saputri W. E. (2020), ‘Pembelajaran Literasi Saintifik untuk Pendidikan Dasar. Media Penelitian
- Pendidikan’, Jurnal Penelitian dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, 14(2), 144-152.
- Shamoo A. E., & Resnik D. B. (2009), ‘Responsible conduct of research Oxford University Press’.
- Shah, R. A. (2015), ‘Work-life balance and gender: A study of professionals in India’, Review of Management,
- 5(1/2), 5-18.
- Shepard M. P., Orsi A. J., Mahon M. M., & Carroll R. M. (2002), ‘Mixed-Methods Research with Vulnerable
- Families’, Journal of Family Nursing, 8(4), 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/107484002237511.
- Silberbauer K. (2015), ‘Benefits of Dual-Career Support for Expatriate Spouses’, International Journal of Business
- and Management, 3(2), 66-84.
- Skinner Q. (1978), ‘The foundations of modern political thought: Volume 2’, The Age of Reformation (Vol. 2).
- Cambridge University Press.
- Smith, Jennifer & Gardner, Dianne, (2007), ‘Factors affecting employee use of work-life balance initiatives’, New
- Zealand Journal of Psychology, 36, 3-12, 10.2307/30034926.
- Sparks K., Cooper C., Fried Y., & Shirom A. (1997), ‘The effects of hours of work on health: A meta-analytic
- review’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(4), 391–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-
- 8325.1997.tb00656.x
- Sullivan C., & Smithson J. (2007), ‘Perspectives of homeworkers and their partners on working flexibility and gender
- equity’, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(3), 448-461.
- Sweet, S., & Moen, P. (2012), ‘Dual earners preparing for job loss: Agency, linked lives, and resilience’, Work and
- Occupations, 39(1), 35-70.
- Tausig, Mark & Fenwick, Rudy. (2001), ‘Unbinding Time: Alternate Work Schedules and Work-Life Balance’,
- Journal of Family and Economic Issues 22 101-119. 10.1023/A: 1016626028720.
- Ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Van Der Lippe, T. (2010), ‘Effective work‐life balance support for various household
- structures. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration’, The
- University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 49(2), 173-193
✓ Citation copied to clipboard
