Outrage as Language of Social Media Discourse: Analysing Prevalence and Effects

Namit Hans; Dr. Shikha Rai

doi:10.65301/ijcd.2022.12.3.4.5

Articles Vol. 12 Issue 3 & 4 Jan - Jun 2022

DOI 10.65301/ijcd.2022.12.3.4.5

Outrage as Language of Social Media Discourse: Analysing Prevalence and Effects

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Published 2022-06-30

Pages 1-15

Abstract

Through analysis of studies in the fields of communication, psychology, linguistics, and computer science, this study examines the role of outrage in the discourse on social media platforms, and its subsequent effect on the offline movements. A systematic literature review was conducted of thirteen research papers after a thorough filtering process to identity the most relevant papers for this study. Results show that there is an increased use of moral emotional language in civic discourse online. Additionally, a relation has also been established between the moral emotional language and support for violence offline. The findings tell us how outrage is becoming a default language on social media and how it is impacting our social and political culture

Keywords

Moral Outrage Social Media Discourse Moral Emotional Language Social Identity

References

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Berry, S. S. (2011). From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News. Political Communication.
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Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science.
Crockett, M. (2017). Moral Outrage in the Digital Age. Nature Human Behaviour.
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William J Brady, M. C. (2020). The MAD Model of Moral Contagion. Perspectives on Psychological Science.
William J. Brady, A. P. (2019). Attentional Capture Helps Explain Why Moral and Emotional Content Go Viral. Journal of Experimental Psychology.

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Namit Hans, Dr. Shikha Rai . (2022). Outrage as Language of Social Media Discourse: Analysing Prevalence and Effects. International Journal of Communication Development , 12(2), 1-15.

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[1] Barkdull, F. V. (2020). WhatsApp in India? A case study of social media related lynchings. Journal of the Study of Race, Nation and Culture.

[2] Berry, S. S. (2011). From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News. Political Communication.

[3] Bouvier, G. (2016). What is a discourse approach to Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other social media: connecting with other academic fields. In Discourse and Social Media. Taylor and Francis.

[4] Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science.

[5] Crockett, M. (2017). Moral Outrage in the Digital Age. Nature Human Behaviour.

[6] Datareportal. (n.d.). Digital Around The World. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/global-digital-overview

[7] Department, S. R. (2021). Number of social network users worldwide from 2017 to 2025. Statista.com.

[8] Desk, F. W. (2019, December 26). Who are Ranga and Billa? Retrieved from https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-are-ranga-and-billa-the-two-criminals-often-remembered-by-activists-and-politicians

[9] Foucault, M. (1969). Archaeology of Knowledge and The Discourse on Language. Editions Gallimard.

[10] Habermas, J. (1962). The Structural Transformation of Public Sphere.

[11] Jenkins, H. (2006, October 19). Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture. Retrieved from http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2006/10/confronting_the_challenges_of.html

[12] Jillian J Jordan, M. H. (2016). Third-party punishment as a costly signal of trustworthiness. Nature.

[13] John D Gallacher, M. W. (2021). Online Engagement Between Opposing Political Protest Groups Via Social Media is Linked to Physical Violence of Offline Encounters. Social Media and Society.

[14] K Jaidka, A. Z. (2019). Brevity is the soul of Twitter: The constrain affordance and political discussions. Journal of Communication.

[15] K Kahn, & P. (1999). Do negative campaigns mobilize or suppress turnout? American Political Science Review.

[16] Kenney, K. F. (2008). The dimensions of negative messages. American Politics Research.

[17] Lepoutre, M. (2018). Rage inside the machine: Defending the place of anger in democratic speech. Politics, Philosophy, and Economics.

[18] Linda J Skitka, & G. (2014). The Social and Political Implications of Moral Conviction. Political Psychology.

[19] Linden, S. v. (2017). The nature of viral altruism and how to make it stick. Nature Human Behaviour.

[20] Marlon Mooijman, J. H. (2018). Moralization in social networks and the emergence of violence during protests. Nature Human Behaviour.

[21] Peters, M. A. (2012). Anger and Political Culture: A time for outrage. Policy Features in Education.

[22] Reicher, S. (1982). The Determination of Collective Behaviour. Cambridge University Press.

[23] RM Todd, W. C. (2012). Affect-biased attention as emotion regulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[24] Roy, S. (2016). Angry citizens: civic anger and the politics of curative. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power.

[25] Sakariassen, H. (2021). Women's emotion work on Facebook: Strategic use of emotions in public discourse. Computers in Human Behavior Reports.

[26] Stepher J Flusberg, T. M. (2018). War Metaphors in Public Discourse. Metaphor and Symbol.

[27] Sunstein, C. (2018). Growing Outrage. Behavioural Public Policy.

[28] Takuya Sawaoka, & B. (2018). The Paradox of Virat Outrage. Psychological Science.

[29] W Hofmann, D. W. (2014). Morality in everyday life. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/26910

[30] William J Brady, J. A. (2017). Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. Psychological and Cognitive Sciences.

[31] William J Brady, M. C. (2020). The MAD Model of Moral Contagion. Perspectives on Psychological Science.

[32] William J. Brady, A. P. (2019). Attentional Capture Helps Explain Why Moral and Emotional Content Go Viral. Journal of Experimental Psychology.